Relationship between Prospectus and department Essay

In the final draft (Diagram 3) of the college prospectus I have added another class (department), since in reality a college will be sub divided in different departments and then these departments will have different courses.  Relationship between Prospectus and department:  Class Name: Department  Responsibility: â€Å"Department† provides information about the departments in the college and what courses are done in each of them. Collaborations: Every â€Å"Department† will be related to & have many courses.  Relationships: Prospectus to Departments, will be a â€Å"One to Many† i.e. one Prospectus can have many Departments.  Maintenance Plan for Final Version  For a good and successful system to be of any use in the long run, it requires a product that is easily maintained so that its future is ensured. Systems once delivered and implemented, always need someone to ensure that the system meets the user requirements & thus kept updated regularly. A survey done by Lieutz and Swanson from the U.S. says that up to 48% of the total development time can be spent on maintenance. For the online prospectus the maintenance may include some of the following points: Keeping the system up-to-date and posting any changes to the courses, constant backing up of the system in case of viruses or damage to system, links and websites updated and changes to courses posted on website. Maintenance is not always easy and encounters many problems during its cycle. However it has additional problems, as often the people carrying out the maintenance activities are not always the same as those producing the original software.  Poor documentation can present major problems for maintenance teams for example; when systems underwent changes to avoid the so-called â€Å"Millennium bug† problem. Systems that had been used for many years required modifications but this took time due to the lack of documentation. (Above Source: Hellingsworth, Hall & Anderson, 2001) It may be important to have a system in place for documenting requests for any changes to the system and responses that would come from a â€Å"change request form† to the maintenance teams. These may include:  Enhancements; including description of new requirements in detail, regular updates to college & course details. Maintenance teams should be striving for a user interface. Problem & Error Reports; including a full description of problems with website from email discrepancies to broken links of the website. A record of these would be carefully documented and reviewed regularly at maintenance team meetings. User Feedback; includes a system for the maintenance team to give feedback to user on any problems or errors with links & for any enhancements made. Timescale should be included of when the errors will be fixed. Structured Maintenance Plan For the maintenance plan to be effective I will be using the following structured plan. Having a good & complete software engineering documentation for the project helps a great deal with this plan. Any amendments or changes to the system will be documented professionally and kept safe in order to have a successful future system. An external contracting maintenance team will be in charge of updating the system & making sure it runs smoothly. Many companies can be found that specialised in just maintenance of other company’s software, databases & even their websites. Bibliography & References Using The Harvard Referencing System as a guide, these are my points of reference and the textbooks that I used to complete the assignment.  B.HELLINGSWORTH, P.HALL & H.ANDERSON (2001), â€Å"Higher National Computing†, Newnes:  http://www.askmen.com

Example of speech text Essay

With all due respect to the English teacher ,and all my friends in this class,†¦Good Morning!!! In this chance, I would like to tell you my speech that has the theme â€Å"Using Internet make us healthy and productive!† Internet is not sounds familiar, especially among students now. That because Internet is very useful in the learning. But, not just for learning internet could give all of want. Not only that, using internet could make us healthy anf productive. Why should I say internet could make us healthy? According to a reality, now in the internet had already a lot of entertainment sites, like games. Not only that, internet also provides how to perform a variety of health programs, from variety specialists of health. And not a few people who successfully live with program of healthy living with resources from the internet. Using information from the internet can be done by anyone, without need to pay an expensive, then such as consultations with health professionals. Next, internet also could make us productive. It because in internet available a variety ways to make different products, starting from simple unti rather difficult to do. People could get productive by utilizing information from using internet. Provided there is a desire we could successful is to easy, using much information, especially from the internet that available so much information. So, if we already know that by using the internet could make us healthy, and produktive. Let us use the internet .Of course for purposes that are positive. Because the internet will be good or bad depending on how and to what the Internet was used. Just that could I to say, thankyou for your attention and Good Morning !!! (Source : http://bellapelajar.blogspot.com/2012/06/example-of-speech-text.html)a

Abbott Costello - Whos on First

Abbott Costello Whos On First Abbott: Well Costello, Im going to New York with you. You know Bucky Harris, the Yanks manager, gave me a job as coach for as long as youre on the team. Costello: Look Abbott, if youre the coach, you must know all the players. Abbott: I certainly do. Costello: Well, you know Ive never met the guys. So youll have to tell me their names, and then Ill know whos playing on the team. Abbott: Oh, Ill Ill tell you their names, but you know, strange as it may seem, they give these ball players now-a-days very peculiar names. Costello: You mean funny names? Abbott: Strange names, pet names like Dizzy Dean. Costello: His brother Daffy. Abbott: Daffy Dean. Costello: And their French cousin. Abbott: French? Costello: Goofà ¨. Abbott: Goofà ¨ Dean! Oh, I see. Well, lets see, we have on the bags we have Whos on first, Whats on second, I Dont Know is on third. Costello: Thats what I want to find out. Abbott: I say Whos on first, Whats on second, I Dont Knows on third. Costello: Are you the manager? Abbott: Yes. Costello: You gonna be the coach too? Abbott: Yes. Costello: And you dont know the fellows names? Abbott: Well, I should. Costello: Well, then, whos on first? Abbott: Yes. Costello: I mean the fellows name. Abbott: Who. Costello: The guy on first. Abbott: Who. Costello: The first baseman. Abbott: Who! Costello: The guy playing Abbott: Who is on first! Costello: Im asking YOU whos on first. Abbott: Thats the mans name. Costello: Thats whos name? Abbott: Yes. Costello: Well go ahead and tell me. Abbott: Thats it. Costello: Thats who? Abbott: Yes. Costello: Look, you gotta first baseman? Abbott: Certainly. Costello: Whos playing first? Abbott: Thats right. Costello: When you pay off the first baseman every month, who gets the money? Abbott: Every dollar of it. Costello: All Im trying to find out is the fellows name on first base. Abbott: Who. Costello: The guy that gets the money. Abbott: Thats it. Costello: Who gets the money on first Abbott: He does, every dollar. Sometimes his wife comes down and collects it. Costello: Whose wife? Abbott: Yes. Abbott: Whats wrong with that? Costello: Look, all I wanna know is when you sign up the first baseman, how does he sign his name to the contract? Abbott: Who. Costello: The guy. Abbott: Who. Costello: How does he sign his Abbott: Thats how he signs it. Costello: Who? Abbott: Yes. Costello: All Im trying to find out is whats the guys name on first base? Abbott: No. What is on second base. Costello: Im not asking you whos on second. Abbott: Whos on first. Costello: One base at a time! Abbott: Well, dont change the players around. Costello: Im not changing nobody! Abbott: Take it easy, buddy. Costello: Im only asking you, whos the guy on first base? Abbott: Thats right. Costello: Ok. Abbott: All right. Costello: I mean whats the guys name on first base? Abbott: No, what is on second. Costello: Im not asking you whos on second. Abbott: Whos on first. Costello: I dont know. Abbott: Oh, hes on third. Were not talking about him. Costello: Now how did I get on third base? Abbott: Why you mentioned his name. Costello: If I mentioned the third basemans name, who did I say is playing third? Abbott: No. Whos playing first. Costello: Whats on first? Abbott: Whats on second. Costello: I dont know. Abbott: Hes on third. Costello: There I go, back on third again! Costello: Look, would you stay on third base and dont go off it. Abbott: All right, what do you want to know? Costello: Now whos playing third base? Abbott: Why do you insist on putting Who on third base? Costello: What am I putting on third? Abbott: No. What is on second. Costello: You dont want who on second? Abbott: Who is on first. Costello: I dont know. Abbott Costello: Third base!! Costello: Look, you gotta outfield? Abbott: Sure. Costello: The left fielders name? Abbott: Why. Costello: I just thought Id ask you. Abbott: Well, I just thought Id tell ya. Costello: Then tell me whos playing left field? Abbott: Who is playing first. Costello: Im not Stay out of the infield!! I wanna to know whats the guys name in left field? Abbott: No, What is on second. Costello: Im not asking you whos on second. Abbott: Whos on first! Costello: I dont know. Abbott Costello: Third base!! Costello: And the left fielders name?! Abbott: Why. Costello: Because! Abbott: Oh, hes centerfield. Costello: Look, look, look You gotta pitcher on the team? Abbott: Sure. Costello: The pitchers name? Abbott: Tomorrow. Costello: You dont want to tell me today? Abbott: Im telling you now. Costello: Then go ahead. Abbott: Tomorrow! Costello: What time? Abbott: What time what? Costello: What time tomorrow are you gonna tell me whos pitching? Abbott: Now listen. Who is not pitching! Who is Costello: Ill break your arm, you say whos on first! I want to know whats the pitchers name? Abbott: Whats on second. Costello: I dont know. Abbott Costello: Third base!! Costello: Gotta a catcher? Abbott: Certainly. Costello: The catchers name? Abbott: Today. Costello: Today, and tomorrows pitching. Abbott: Now youve got it. Costello: All we got is a couple of days on the team. Costello: You know Im a catcher too. Abbott: So they tell me. Costello: I get behind the plate, do some fancy catching, tomorrows pitching on my team and a heavy hitter gets up. Abbott: Yes? Costello: Now, the heavy hitter bunts the ball. When he bunts the ball, me, being a good catcher, Im gonna throw the guy out at first base. So I pick up the ball and throw it to who? Abbott: Now thats the first thing youve said right. Costello: I dont even know what Im talking about!! Abbott: Thats all you have to do. Costello: Is to throw the ball to first base. Abbott: Yes! Costello: Now whos got it? Abbott: Naturally. Costello: Look, if I throw the ball to first base, somebodys gotta get it. Now who has it? Abbott: Naturally. Costello: Who? Abbott: Naturally. Costello: Naturally? Abbott: Naturally. Costello: So I pick up the ball and I throw it to Naturally. Abbott: No you dont! You throw the ball to Who. Costello: Naturally. Abbott: Thats different. Costello: Thats what I said. Abbott: Youre not saying that. Costello: I throw the ball to Naturally. Abbott: You throw it to Who. Costello: Naturally. Abbott: Thats it. Costello: Thats what I said! Abbott: You ask me. Costello: I throw the ball to who? Abbott: Naturally. Costello: Now you ask me. Abbott: You throw the ball to Who? Costello: Naturally. Abbott: Thats it. Costello: Same as you! Abbott: Dont change it around. Costello: Same as you! Abbott: Go ahead now. Costello: I throw the ball to who. Whoever it is drops the ball and the guy runs to second. Abbott: Yes. Costello: Who picks up the ball and throws it to What. What throws it to I Dont Know. I Dont Know throws it back to Tomorrow triple play. Another guy gets up and hits a long fly ball to Because. Why? I dont know! Hes on third and I dont give a darn! Abbott: What? Costello: I said I dont give a darn! Abbott: Oh, thats our shortstop.

Deontological Ethical Theory Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Deontological Ethical Theory - Essay Example The deontological ethical theory has its own weakness. For example, t makes room for using logical reasoning in determining what is right (Hoy, 2005). Once this is done, interpretation of the rules becomes a very difficult thing to do since everyone has their own discretion within which the rules are explained. In such a situation, it becomes very difficult to have a single modality under which ethics are applied.Consequentiality is another ethical view point that can be applied in the use of technology. In the premise of this ethical theory, there is the need to strive to increase utility. The strength with this is that the greater good of most people is sought instead of the subjective needs of a few people. This way, ethics are enforced because workers are made to look for the interest of other external stakeholders.What this theory lacks however is the fact that it fails to set the parameter as to who should be responsible for evaluating the consequences that affected people suff er. As a result, even though there is quest to satisfy people’s needs and values, the willpower to do this can be missing. Within the modern technological society, deontology can be said to hold more easily than consequentiality. This is because companies seem less concerned about the consequences of their actions on the public. Rather, they only focus on their profits. It is not surprising that global warming continues to be alarming as the number of technological companies continues to increase.

Deregulation of Electricity Markets Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Deregulation of Electricity Markets - Essay Example The regional markets for electricity generation and distribution typically resemble monopolistic markets with few suppliers. However, they have been under the variety of controls imposed by the concerned state in which they operated. These controls had more of social objectives than the commercial objectives. Such social objectives included ensuring uninterrupted power supply at the affordable price for the general consumer. Take for instance the case of California. In the state of California he three monopolistic power suppliers was regulated by the State commission.Kunnapallil(Centre) describes this scenario as follows, â€Å"California’s electricity industry was vertically integrated and organized around three regulated private monopolies or investor-owned Utilities (IOUs): Pacific Gas & Electric Company (PG&E), Southern California Edison Company (SCE), and San Diego Gas & Electric Company (SDG&E).These companies owned and operated everything from generation, transmission, and distribution and catered to the electricity needs of consumers in their exclusive franchise areas. California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC), an independent state regulatory agency, heavily regulated the prices, costs, and service obligations of these. These three companies together supplied three-fourths of the total consumption†. In the early 1990s, Californian polity came to the realization that its electricity markets were so heavily regulated that the productions process had become inefficient and the producers were passing on merrily the high cost of production to the customers.California cost of electricity was one of the highest in the US at the time. As Beder (2001) states, â€Å"Before deregulation the Californian government set electricity rates and guaranteed the private utilities a set return on their investment. But it was argued that this provided no incentive for the utilities to cut costs. Prices were high compared to some other states, mainly because of cost overruns of billions of dollars on two nuclear power plants.  Ã‚  

Questions Exercise Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Questions Exercise - Assignment Example The borrower has to take the decision either to go with the higher fixed-rate mortgage or to borrow the money on lower but fluctuating rate. This decision of the borrower must be backed by the know-how of the interest rates (stability of the market rates) of the market. The duration of the mortgage is also a key factor to determine the borrowing decision. A fixed-payment loan allows the borrower an amount of principal. The amount of the principal and the interest are paid on equal payments (annual, semi-annually, monthly, weekly or daily). The equal payment consists a portion of the interest rate and the principal. On the other hand the coupon bonds are acquired by paying some money initially. The owner is entitled to receive coupon payments (annually, semi-annually or others, as defined by the owner) and a face value for the coupon at the end. The coupon payment is derived by multiplying the "Face Value and Coupon Rate (FV*r)". Option 1 is same as 80,000 at both interest rates. The total present value (PV) of option 2 is decreased by (81,911-74,840=7071) and the decrease in PV of option 3 can also be observed by comparing values at interest rate of 5% and 12%. At higher interest rates the present value received every year decreases (increase in interest rates causes the PV to decrease). The best possible way to minimize the risk would be to invest in B and C (as there lie a perfect negative correlation). The expected value is also same for both B & C. If investment in B does not perform well the investment C will perform well. The expected value is guaranteed and the element of risk is negligible. (b) By adding in your investment an additional $1,000, the Expected Value will be doubled (EV= .5*(1600-1000) + .5*(2800-1000) =1200 or 20%). The SD is also doubled [(.5*(600-1200)^2 + .5*(1800-1200)^2]^1/2 =600). If the borrowed amount is increased to $2,000 and the total investment is now $3,000 the

Environmental Ruin in Nigeria by Foreign Oil Corparations Essay

Environmental Ruin in Nigeria by Foreign Oil Corparations - Essay Example It causes disruption of human, animal and plant populations. Pollution caused by dumping of oil waste is a major threat to biodiversity. The effect of oil spillage on the marine life cannot be ignored. Both the physical properties and chemical properties of the oil have caused the death of many marine flora and fauna (Agyeman, 424). Introduction Nigeria, being a major oil producer, has not escaped these predicaments. The case is abundantly evident in the Niger delta region of Nigeria where oil mining is mostly practiced. Farmers have watched their source of livelihood taken away by oil pollution. Many of the tribes around are traditionally anglers, but the oil spillage has caused considerable reduction in number of fish in the river Niger. Nigeria is the land that has been endowed with both fertile agricultural lands and a rich oil resource. Major oil companies, including Shell, established mines in this country in 1950s. Since then, the oil mining activities have slowly damaged the natural habitats of the country through pollution of water, land and air. The effects have been this extensive that the livelihood of the Ogoni people who have lived in the Niger Delta for over 500 years is threatened. This paper focuses on how failure of the government to enact policies guarding the degradation of the environment has contributed to the state of environment in the Niger delta. ... Ground water has become contaminated and the people cannot dig up wells to get drinking water. Rainwater is also not safe to drink, as it falls in the form of acidic rain. This acidic rain greatly reduces the fertility of the soil, making it inviable for agricultural production. It is unfortunate that there is no piped water for people living in the region. Human right activists say that the foreign oil company has taken the people’s right to access to safe water. The government has instituted legislations that require mud drilled from mines to be confined in wells or landfills, avoiding seepage in developed countries. The Nigerian government lacks such legislation, and the foreign corporation dumps its drilling wastes directly into the rivers. Air pollution Oil mining has largely contributed to the air pollution in the area around the Niger delta. Flaring of natural gas methane is conducted near people’s homes, producing carbon dioxide fumes and soot. The release of th is gas causes a lot of pollution associated with diseases, such as asthma and lung cancer. This flaring has also caused stunted growth of crops in nearby farms. This is because the soot settles on the leaves of plant inhibiting photosynthesis and transpiration, and this has caused reduced crop yields from nearby farms. Oil spills and wastelands The most evident type of pollution is land pollution that is caused by oil spills. Oil spills causes degradation of the top soil by leaching of nutrients and adding toxic chemicals in the soil, making them unsuitable for plant growth. This oil spills cause destruction of vegetation and pollutes water, if released in the water bodies. There are several

Study of unethical business practices Research Paper

Study of unethical business practices - Research Paper Example Unethical means not following permitted standards of social or professional behavior. It is opposed to law or integrity or scruples. (The Free Dictionary by Farlex) WHAT IS MEANT BY "UNETHICAL BUSINESS PRACTICES" Unethical business practices are acts that are contrary to business ethics In today’s world, there is a need do business with an open eye, incessantly measuring & analyzing the consequences & impact of actions and decisions taken .This responsibility is seen to extend ahead of the legal obligation to comply with legislation and seeing organizations taking further initiatives to improve the quality and standard of life for employees and their families as well as for the society at large of their own accord. The companies that carry on are the ones that identify ethical issues and correct them before they become tribulations. Our behavior in the business world is determined by moral values and beliefs. These are the integral part of all the activities that are a part of our business; they are part of our dealings either with other business organizations or with a solitary customer and are embedded in the creation of an idea to its sale. While the goal of all business is to earn profits, it should contribute to the society by ensuring that ethical and just practices are followed. It is important to note that all unethical practices are not illegal, therefore the deciding factor for going for an act is the person’s own conscience. Unveiling of unethical behavior among co-workers actually examines one’s own values and ethical behaviors. After all, unethical behavior that is permissible by law comes in the grey area between what is right and what’s not. Therefore, it is always difficult to make a decision in such situations. Furthermore, perception of ethical and unethical varies from person to person. What is unethical for one person may not be so for someone else. For example, some people don’t consider the act of making long distance call on the company's expense as unethical. WHY ARE UNETHICAL BUSINESS PRACTICES COMMITTED? 1 Stress by the higher management: Pressure from managers is one of the prime reasons why people get involved in unethical practices. The managers in an attempt to achieve better profits for the organization often set targets that are unrealistic and unachievable for the employees. Target and goal setting is a tool that is used for motivating employees but in this case it is just a stress causing factor. Their targets and goals send the following message to their employees: "I want it done, no matter what". Subordinates due to such targets come under intense pressure to meet their targets because their better career prospects rely to a large extent on the achievement of their performance goals. If the goals are not met, then the chances of their career growth are reduced. 2. Personal greed and a desire Personal greed to promote one's career is the other reason that forces people to commit unethical business practices. It has led the current business state of affairs towards unethical business practices, legal consequences and mistrust. Often, top executives are promised huge benefits if they achieve their goals and the

DEVELOPMENT OF THE UK CODE OF CORPORATE GOVERNANCE Essay

DEVELOPMENT OF THE UK CODE OF CORPORATE GOVERNANCE - Essay Example The paper reviews the development of corporate governance and the outcomes of the changes since 1990 to the culmination of a combined code in 2003, and the impact of the recent bank crisis on corporate governance structures (Lee 2006, p.36). The rise of Corporate Governance Since the 1980s, corporate governance issues have continued to attract immense interests. Issues such as corporate fraud, corporate failure, and corporate collapse, excess of executive remuneration, abuse of management power, and corporate social and environmental responsibility gained prominence, and have continued to attract attention in media reports, academic debates, public forums, regulatory agendas, and governmental policy. However, despite the earlier concerns and subsequent regulatory endeavors, corporate governance issues became even more prominent and exposed with the onset of the global financial crisis 2007-10. Subsequently, some academics, policy analysts, and corporate practitioners have associated the severity and increasingly circular nature of the financial and economic crisis to corporate governance failures, whether functional or technical (Sun, Stewart and Pollard 2011, p.16). In the 1980s, broader stakeholder concerns remained eclipsed by the market-driven, growth- oriented outlooks of Reaganite and Thatcher economics. The Director’s responsibility to enhance stakeholder value was reinforced with profit performance models gaining prominence and shaping the foundation for the privatization of state-run entities. The threat of predator takeover bids (for the market control) was touted as a critical incentive for strong board-level performance. In the UK, the Guinness case and consequently, the collapse of Robert Maxwell’s companies brought to the fore the need for checks and balances (especially for boards dominated by powerful executive directors), as well as in cases where the posts of chief executive and chairman of the board were merged, and the outside directors were weak (Boyd 1994, p.335). It was at this time that the concepts of corporate governance became the focus of attention; in fact, the phrase itself was son to emerge. How Corporate Failure Led to Growth of Corporate Governance The UK economy experienced a prolonged period of economic growth from 1981 to 1989; however, in the same period, there were a number of company failures arose with some manifesting spectacular collapses including Asil Nadir’s Polly Peck, Robert Maxwell’s MCC, plus the $8bn failure of the Bank of Credit and Commerce International (BCCI). These collapses shared a number of similarities: a recent clean bill of health from auditors, an ostentatious and powerful leader, an absence of action from non-executive directors and minimal participation with institutional investors (Smerdon 2010, p.5). These collapses stirred public concern, partly because of the massive involvement of numerous of deposit holders in the collapse of BCCI and thousan d of pensioners in the collapse of the Maxwell Empire, and also because of the overriding perception that the UK industry was lagging behind economically compared to other countries with Europe. Hence, it can be argued that the evident failure or lack of accurate reporting in the majority of cases that would have otherwise allowed investors to spotlight the warning signs was the biggest motivation for the drive for corporate governa

The impact of spray location on coated granule quality Essay

The impact of spray location on coated granule quality - Essay Example It is used for several purposes including granulation, coating, drying, and pelletization.(Teunou and Poncelet; Yang et al.; Olsen "Batch Fluid-Bed Processing Equipment - a Design Overview: Part I,") In the food industry, fluidization is used in freezing and cooling, freeze drying, puffing, classification, blanching, and cooking.(Dewettinck and Huyghebaert) Essentially, fluidized bed coating entails the introduction of granules into a coating cell and fluidization by air flow. The coating substance is sprayed through a nozzle with the aim of achieving a homogenous layering of the coating material on the granule. The process may be done as a batch or continuous one. Current industry trends favor the use of the continuous process over the batch process, in order to optimize efficiency of operation, and consistency of product quality.(Teunou and Poncelet) In the food industry, granule coating can be used to prepare encapsulated powders which separate reactive components in a mixture, mask unpleasant taste or flavor, protect unstable ingredients from degradation by environmental factors, reduce hygroscopicity, or provide controlled release.(Teunou and Poncelet) It also produces modified flow, compression, dust reduction and density properties in the coated products.(Teunou and Poncelet) The method has been used to encapsulate enzymes, labile proteins, yeast and aromas in polysaccharide matrices and for film coating of extruded products by lipids, resins, or proteins.(Teunou and Poncelet) Maa et al. reported the coating of lactose granules with recombinant human deoxyribonuclease using spray coating technologies.(Maa, Nguyen and Hsu) In food processing, The applications of fluidized bed coating in the food industry have been reviewed by a number of authors.(Dziezak; Arshady; Duxbury and Swientek) A recent review by Werner et al. looked at the current state of the art with respect to air-suspension particle coating in the food industry.(Werner et al.) In the pharmaceutical industry, fluidized bed coating is utilized in the facilitation of delayed, sustained or controlled release; selective enteric release, masking of taste, stability to degradation, and pharmaceutical elegance.(Dewettinck and Huyghebaert) Explanation of different spray location technologies There are three classic geometries for spray coating location: the top spray, bottom spray (or "wurster" spray), and tangential (or side) spray with rotating disk(Olsen "Batch Fluid-Bed Processing Equipment - a Design Overview Part 2"; Yang et al.). Top-spray Method The oldest spray location technology is the top spray method, in which the spray nozzle is located atop the fluid bed chamber, and the sprayed droplets move countercurrently to the air flow.(Yang et al.) It was developed from the older fluidized bed dryers.(Dewettinck and Huyghebaert) It involves the acceleration of granules from a container past a nozzle which sprays the coating countercurrently on the fluidized particles.(Dewettinck

A view from the bridge Essay Example for Free

A view from the bridge Essay In A view from the bridge, Miller has tried to make a hero out of a man who has no redeeming qualities. Do you agree? I agree that Miller has tried to make a hero out of a man with no redeeming qualities. Although Miller did not succeed, he still has attempted to make this typical longshoreman, Eddie Carbone a hero. What makes a hero a hero? A young handsome gentleman who saves the day? If this is what a hero is defined as then no, Miller has not tried to make Eddie Carbone a hero. However the word hero can have more than just one meaning. If Miller thought a hero was someone who had done something particularly worthy, then I would say yes, Miller has succeeded turning Eddie into a hero, as Eddie dying for the love of Catherine is nothing less than admirable. A hero is defined as a man who due to a tragic flaw, dies, and because of his death, we feel a heavy sense of loss and pity. A classic example would be Macbeth. But what does Macbeth have that makes him a hero that Eddie Carbone does not? The fact that Macbeth was of noble birth and Eddie Carbone was just a typical longshoreman who worked on the piers of Brooklyn Bridge. The reason I think Miller has tried to make a hero out of Eddie is because of the way he creates Eddie and the characters around him. A good example of this would be Alfieri. Miller creates Alfieri as the Greek chorus. Not only is Alfieri the observer, he too plays a crucial part of the play as the law. Miller has used Alfieri to create a sense of justice throughout the play, and as the play goes on, we learn to trust Alfieri. Miller has used this trust that we have for Alfieri to build up the feelings we have towards Eddie. I feel this way as Alfieri constantly praises Eddie and although Alfieri knows that Eddies death was useless, he will still mourn him with a certain alarm. Alfieri also mentions that he will love him more than all my sensible clients which gives the audience a sense of doubt of whether or not Eddie deserved to die. Another character Miller has used to make Eddie look more hero-like is Catherine. Although it was the love for Catherine that caused Eddies death, I feel that this is what Miller intended. After all, it is the love for Catherine which is Eddies only redeeming quality. This love is displayed throughout the play not only for Catherine, but for his family. Eddie Carbone was a man who worked on the piers when there was work, brought home his pay, and lived; this alone gives us enough reason for Eddie to qualify as a hero, because it was all his years of striving which kept his family alive. This would definitely be considered as a redeeming quality. However, although Miller has tried to make Eddie into a hero, he has not succeeded. Miller has created a chauvinistic dictator with somewhat of an inner child. Eddie Carbone is a typical Italian male who dominates the household and feels that strength and face is most important. We see Eddies display of male superiority in the beginning of the play when Catherine first tells him about her job. Because Eddie is the man of the house he makes all the decisions and what he says goes. We see this male domination every time Edie talks to Beatrice. Because Eddie is the husband, he has to be obeyed. Eddie also has a childish behavior as well. Like a child, Eddie speaks his own mind regardless of other peoples feelings. We notice this in Act one when Catherine shows Eddie her new dress. In the play, Miller has displayed traits of Eddies dog manic behavior not only in speech, but in action too. We see this in the end of Act one. By the end of Act one, we already start to see the physical side of Eddies feelings towards Rodolfo. In this crucial moment we also see the close connection between the brotherhood of Rodolfo and Marco. When Eddie defeats Rodolfo whilst teaching him how to box, Marco immediately becomes aware of the hostility Eddie has towards Rodolfo and directly threatens Eddie by lifting the chair above his head in an intimidating posture. Although Eddies flaws outweigh his redeeming qualities, in conclusion, I would still say that Miller has tried to make a hero out of Eddie, a man who has no redeeming qualities, and has not succeeded. By: Stephanie Ko Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Arthur Miller section.

Generally Accepted Accounting Principles Essay Example for Free

Generally Accepted Accounting Principles Essay 11. a. Year 0 Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Before-tax cash flow $(500,000) $52,500 $47,500 $35,500 $530,500 Tax cost (7,875) (7,125) (5,325) (4,575) After-tax cash flow 44,625 40,375 30,175 525,925 Discount factor (7%) .935 .873 .816 .763 Present value $(500,000) $41,724 $35,247 $24,623 $401,281 NPV $2,875 Investor W should make the investment because NPV is positive. b. Year 0 Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Before-tax cash flow $(500,000) $52,500 $47,500 $35,500 $530,500 Tax cost (10,500) (9,500) (7,100) (6,100) After-tax cash flow 42,000 38,000 28,400 524,400 Discount factor (7%) .935 .873 .816 .763 Present value $(500,000) $39,270 $33,174 $23,174 $400,117 NPV $(4,265) Investor W should not make the investment because NPV is negative. c. Year 0 Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Before-tax cash flow $(500,000) $52,500 $47,500 $35,500 $530,500 Tax cost (5,250) (4,750) (8,875) (7,625) After-tax cash flow 47,250 42,750 26,625 522,875 Discount factor (7%) .935 .873 .816 .763 Present value $(500,000) $44,179 $37,321 $21,726 $398,954 NPV $2,180 Investor W should make the investment because NPV is positive. 16. a. Opportunity 1: Year 0 Year 1 Year 2 Taxable income (loss) $(8,000) $5,000 $20,000 Marginal tax rate .40 .40 .40 Tax $(3,200) $2,000 $8,000 Before-tax cash flow $(8,000) $5,000 $20,000 Tax (cost) or savings 3,200(2,000) (8,000) Net cash flow $(4,800) $3,000 $12,000 Discount factor (12%) .893 .797 Present value $(4,800) $2,679 $9,564 NPV $7,443 Opportunity 2: Year 0 Year 1 Year 2 Taxable income $5,000 $5,000 $5,000 Marginal tax rate .40 .40 .40 Tax $2,000 $2,000 $2,000 Before-tax cash flow $5,000 $5,000 $5,000 Tax (cost) or savings (2,000) (2,000) (2,000) Net cash flow $3,000 $3,000 $3,000 Discount factor (12%) .893 .797 Present value $3,050 $2,679 $2,391 NPV $8,120 Firm E should choose opportunity 2. b. Opportunity 1: Year 0 Year 1 Year 2 Taxable income (loss) $(8,000) $5,000 $20,000 Marginal tax rate .15 .15 .15 Tax $(1,200) $750 $3,000 Before-tax cash flow $(8,000) $5,000 $20,000 Tax (cost) or savings 1,200 (750) (3,000) Net cash flow $(6,800) $4,250 $17,000 Discount factor (12%) .893 .797 Present value $(6,800) $3,795 $13,549 NPV $10,544 Opportunity 2: Year 0 Year 1 Year 2 Taxable income $5,000 $5,000 $5,000 Marginal tax rate .15 .15 .15 Tax $750 $750 $750 Before-tax cash flow $5,000 $5,000 $5,000 Tax (cost) or savings (750) (750) (750) Net cash flow $4,250 $4,250 $4,250 Discount factor (12%) .893 .797 Present value $4,250 $3,795 $3,387 NPV $11,432 Firm E should choose opportunity 2. c. Opportunity 1: Year 0 Year 1 Year 2 Taxable income (loss) $(8,000) $5,000 $20,000 Marginal tax rate .40 .15 .15 Tax $(3,200) $750 $3,000 Before-tax cash flow $(8,000) $5,000 $20,000 Tax (cost) or savings 3,200 (750) (3,000) Net cash flow $(4,800) $4,250 $17,000 Discount factor (12%) .893 .797 Present value $(4,800) $3,795 $13,549 NPV $12,544 Opportunity 2: Year 0 Year 1 Year 2 Taxable income $5,000 $5,000 $5,000 Marginal tax rate .40 .15 .15 Tax $2,000 $750 $750 Before-tax cash flow $5,000 $5,000 $5,000 Tax (cost) or savings (2,000) (750) (750) Net cash flow $3,000 $4,250 $4,250 Discount factor (12%) .893 .797 Present value $3,000 $3,795 $3,387 NPV $10,182 Firm E should choose opportunity 1. 1. a. (1) Year 0 Year 1 Year 2 Before-tax salary/income $80,000 $80,000 $80,000 Marginal tax rate .25 .40 .40 Tax on income $20,000 $32,000 $32,000 After-tax cash flow $60,000 $48,000 $48,000 Discount factor (8%) .926 .857 Present value $60,000 $44,448 $41,136 NPV of salary received by Mrs. X $145,584 (2) Before-tax payment /deduction $80,000 $80,000 $80,000 Marginal tax rate .34 .34 .34 Tax savings from deduction $27,200 $27,200 $27,200 After-tax cost $(52,800) $(52,800) $(52,800) Discount factor (8%) .926 .857 Present value $(52,800) $(48,893) $(45,250) NPV of salary cost to Firm B $(146,943) b. (1) Year 0 Year 1 Year 2 Before-tax salary/income $140,000 $50,000 $50,000 Marginal tax rate .25 .40 .40 Tax on income $35,000 $20,000 $20,000 After-tax cash flow $105,000 $30,000 $30,000 Discount factor (8%) .926 .857 Present value $105,000 $27,780 $25,710 NPV of salary received by Mrs. X $158,490 (2) Before-tax payment /deduction $140,000 $50,000 $50,000 Marginal tax rate .34 .34 .34 Tax savings from deduction $47,600 $17,000 $17,000 After-tax cost $(92,400) $(33,000) $(33,000) Discount factor (8%) .926 .857 Present value $(92,400) $(30,558) $(28,281) NPV of salary cost to Firm B $(151,239) c. Year 0 Year 1 Year 2 Before-tax payment /deduction $140,000 $45,000 $45,000 Marginal tax rate .34 .34 .34 Tax savings from deduction $47,600 $15,300 $15,300 After-tax cost $(92,400) $(29,700) $(29,700) Discount factor (8%) .926 .857 Present value $(92,400) $(27,502) $(25,423) NPV of salary cost to Firm B $(145,325) This proposal is superior (has less cost) to Firm B than its original offer. d. Year 0 Year 1 Year 2 Before-tax salary/income $140,000 $45,000 $45,000 Marginal tax rate .25 .40 .40 Tax on income $35,000 $18,000 $18,000 After-tax cash flow $105,000 $27,000 $27,000 Discount factor (8%) .926 .857 Present value $105,000 $25,002 $23,139 NPV of salary received by Mrs. X $153,141 Mrs. X should accept this counterproposal because it has a greater NPV than Firm B’s original offer.

The national curriculum of Indonesia

The national curriculum of Indonesia In the course of history since 1945 (Independence Year), the national curriculum of Indonesia had undergone change several times, namely in 1947, 1952, 1964, 1968, 1975, 1984, 1994, 2004 and the latest curriculum of KTSP 2006 (best understood as School Based Currriculum), those amendments are logically consequences of political issue, government system, social cultural, economic, science and technology change in the living of state community (Soekisno, 2007,). Therefore, the curriculum as a set of educational plans should be developed dynamically in accordance with the demands and changes that occur in society. All Indonesias national curricula were designed based on the same foundation, namely Pancasila (Philosophical foundation of the Indonesian Republic) and the 1945 constitution; the principal differences among those curriculums were only on emphasizing of educational goals and approaches to realize it. Continuing to improve the quality of education in order commensurate with other developing countries, the Indonesian government has made various changes, and continues to review the implementation of education in Indonesia. The National Education Standards of Indonesia (BSNP) had regulated through Government Regulation (PP) No. 19 Year 2005 and set eight contents of the Standards of Education, specifically Content Standard, Standard Process, Graduates Competency Standards, Educators Standards and Education Workforce, Infrastructure Standards , Management Standards, Financial Standards and Evaluation Standards. Simultaneously the Government Regulation No.19 year 2005 affected the direction of Indonesian curriculum development policies to implement its Content Standard (SK) and Graduate Competency Standard (SKL) as established through the Regulation of The Minister of National Education: Number 22, 23, 24 year 2006. These three regulations then further elaborated KTSP (School Based Curriculum) which is built and developed by each educational unit or school in Indonesia. According to Azumardi Azra (2006), explained that the changes in education in Indonesia means that there are two new paradigms emerged in education, shifting the orientation of the policy where previously being centralized to decentralized, then national education is more oriented to the learning process rather than results. Decentralized system means to implement the new breakthrough School-Based Curriculum known as KTSP in Indonesia. Change of curriculum had affected the national education system of Indonesia; it had not only affected the learning climate in the classroom, but the readiness of the principal and subject teachers in efforts to understand and apply the curriculum in practice. In addition, Sutrisno and Nuryanto (2008) viewed that the implementation has not been optimally practiced as educational practitioners think KTSP differs with KBK. Meanwhile Suhadi (2006) argued that such an assumption was due to a prior attitudes and psychological resistance against the changes. The changes enhanced the operational practice of curriculum which are developed and implemented by each school consisting of their own respective goals, local content perspectives, educational calendar and syllabus. KTSP which was being mandated by the Ministry of National Education Indonesia (MoNE) through The National Education Standard Institution (BSNP) means to reinforce the implementation of its predecessor (read: KBK), it implies that KTSP still put pressure on developing students competencies. According to Fasli and Bachruddin (2007) said that KTSP implementation will not be undergoing a public test, because this curriculum had been tested through KBK which was being applied by several schools in a pilot project before the birth of KTSP. This is then a following-up toward curriculum change in the context of regional autonomy and decentralization of education programmed by the government of Indonesia. The implementation of this curriculum is focused on three dimensions of students enrichment of knowledge (cognitive), attitude formation (affective) and behavior (psychomotor). Under KTSP the school and teacher have the authority to decide the educational goals based on their own schools perspective, in other words, teacher have duties on: (1) constructing and formulating the proper goal, (2) choosing and constructing the right lesson material according to the needs, interest and childrens development phase, (3) using various methods and teaching media, (4) and constructing the program and the right evaluation. A curriculum should be made systematically and detail, which will help the teachers in its implementation. However, KTSP faces major challenges related to integration of local information, national, and international. Combining these integrations may only be solved by having resources which are prepared ahead of time, not by the teachers who prepared instantly through a variety of curriculum development assistance programs. It is more dangerous if the schools eventually just offered cheat or trace the guidelines offered by National Education Standard (BSNP). If so, KTSP will create the instant schools and result in stunted creativity, contrary to the mandate of the KTSP. Some of the reasons behind the needs for this research include (a) KTSP implementation needs to be evaluated simultaneously in qualitative and quantitative terms; and (b) the results of that evaluation can be made as the basic information for all policy decisions related to educational elements in Riau Province especially at Indragiri Hilir Regency. Research Problem However, having been launched on 2006, there were many issues discussed by experts and parties whose responsible for education, particularly in the implementation of School Based Curriculum (KTSP) which has inadequate human resources whose capable to interpret even elaborate it into the practice of educational unit , incompleteness of the supporting facilities of its implementation, the teachers do not understand KTSP as a whole, both in terms of concept and its implementation in schools and even still busy using the previous theory in the process of teaching and learning in classroom. In accordance with the principal of KTSP, all levels and types of education in Indonesia must develop their own curriculum based on their potential areas and students. This is supported by Minister of National Education Regulation No. 22 of 2006 on the Content Standards, as well as Minister of National Education Regulation No. 23 of 2006 on Graduates Competency Standards (SKL); these regulations mandate to the schools in order being required to prepare their own curriculum. However, this policy is not accompanied by teachers readiness or even understanding. These generate confusion among them while applying the KTSP. As informed by Curriculum Center 2010, the monitoring noticed the implementation of KTSP has been conducted mostly in large areas, although majority of them still adopting from existing model of curriculum. Hopefully, with technical assistances undertaken by various parties will ensure the success of its development and help improve understanding of the concept and philosophy, and encourage them to develop the curriculum based on their respective conditions. Various obstacles occurred during realizing the empowerment of schools and KTSP. First, lack of ability is the main construct, developing of staffs members capabilities while providing technical assistance to particular regions could lead them to learn by doing. The instability of funding for the dissemination and socialization of KTSP causes the Curriculum Center to experience substantial cost-cutting measures; it impacts the perfect planning that has been initially organized became severely hampered in its implementation and also creates distrust between local education authorities and Curriculum Center. But the best spirit in welcoming this new curriculum to be highly efficacious for the Curriculum Center to do the best in accordance with the appropriate quality needs, potentials and regional particularities. Therefore, any problems arise due to the implementation of KTSP supposed to comprise more serious concern of Indonesian Government, especially Indonesian Ministry of National Education. The aspects to be considered include the following: Improving teachers quality and understanding toward relevant concepts of KTSP implementation. Providing such of facilities and infrastructure that can support the successful of KTSP implementation. Simultaneously help every educational unit in developing KTSP. Evaluating its process at provincial level to local district and regions. Whatever the responses from the concerning person/social in regard to the implementation of KTSP, school and teacher are the central to implement this school based curriculum; they themselves have the potential to overcome any weaknesses occurring, if not it will be in vain. As suggested by Nana (2001) no matter on how good the curriculum, the results are highly dependent on what is being done by teachers and pupils in the classroom. It means the success of education through curriculum reformation will ultimately be determined by the teacher as an executor of the curriculum, and school as a learning provider. Research Objectives This study aims to see how the implementation of School-Based Curriculum (KTSP) is carried out in Junior High Schools and Senior High Schools as well as Madrasah at Riau province Indonesia. Specifically it will be conducted in one part of Riau Province namely Indragiri Hilir Regency. Particularly the objective of this study is to assess the status of KTSP implementation in the dimensions of context, input, process and product (CIPP model by Daniel Stufflebeam). To figure out the extent to which KTSP has been implemented in High Schools and Madrasah To investigate the complexities of its implementation during 4 years running To find out the supporting facilities provided by national and local government in its implementation Overall purpose of this study is to see the implementation of the KTSP in terms of context, input, process and product. Significance of the Study The result of this study will give some of practical benefits as follows: The policy recommendations to Indonesian Ministry of Education (especially for Indragiri Hilir Ministry of Education) based on the objectives data that will be resulted at the end of the study. Information to the public (stakeholder and parents) For basic development of relevant curriculum materials accordance with local potentials and teacher competency standard. As reference to the theoretical basis for the development of KTSP paradigm based on schools potential needs on respect to its planning, implementation, and evaluation. Research Questions In overall objectives, this study will formulate the research questions based on the evaluation model of curriculum developed by Stufflebeam (1972); those are Context, Input, Process and Product. Thus the research questions are formulated as the following: Dimension of Context How do the English teachers at Indragiri Hilir Regency develop their own curriculum based on schools desires, students needs and local needs? How do they implement and integrate all aspects of KTSP into their lesson plan and teaching? Dimension of Input How does the Indragiri Hilir Education Ministry assist the schools in developing their teachers capability in implementing KTSP? Dimension of Process How is the implementation of KTSP in Junior High School, Senior High Schools and Madrasah at Indragiri Hilir Regency Riau? How do they (Schools and teachers) evaluate its implementation? Dimension of Product How are the results of KTSP implementation? What is the effect of KTSP implementation on students competence in English (Impact of teachers creativities in designing their own curriculum development) CHAPTER II THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK Literature Review As the latest curriculum on 2006 which is derived from KBK (CBC-Competence-Based Curriculum, 2004), KTSP becomes a new breakthrough in the history of Indonesian education curriculum, which to progress its development to down-top approach. Contextually, KTSP develop by any groups or committees of the education unit or school/madrasah those under coordination and supervision of the National Indonesian Education Ministry and Local Indonesian Education Ministry. It emphasizes on developing the ability to perform competences and tasks with specific standards, so the results affect the students on mastery of a set of specific knowledge competencies, and values used in many fields of life. Indeed, KTSP is the curriculum that reflects the knowledge, skills and attitudes and also refers to the concept of education in turning to improve students potentialities. Moreover, according to historical records, following the independence of the Republic of Indonesia, the Dutch language was replaced by English as the first foreign language, and has been recognized as such in Indonesia since 1955 (Alisjabana, 1976; de Han, 2003 as cited in Mochtar Marhum, n.d.). Since the 1980s, English has been considered to be the most important foreign language in Indonesia. The governments and communitys interest in English has been growing since the early 1990s (Alwasilah, 1997). This position of English can be traced from government documents on the results of Parliaments meetings. In the GBHN (The Guidelines of the State Policy) 1983 and 1988, foreign language policy was not incorporated. However, in the GBHN 1993, the policy on foreign languages, particularly English, was clearly stipulated. The policy related to the use and mastery of English. In 1988, Government Regulation No. 55, 56 and 57/1988 changing Government Regulation No. 28, 29/990 was introduced. It confirmed the use of English in schools. Moreover, Government Regulation of No 57/1957/1988 confirmed the use of English as a foreign language and as a means of communication in the university. Subsequently, it was incorporated into Government Regulation No 60/1999 on the use of English in all higher education. Alwasilah (1997) suggested that the need for mastery of English in the globalization era was absolutely necessary. In addition, it would be ideal if the mastery of English became the mastery of second language (p. 89). Yet, the uniqueness of this KTSP hopefully brings the new education model to the success of Indonesian education. The development of a KTSP is a new phenomenon for the school community in Indonesia, consequently, in the early stage of its implementation some obstacles were found in a number of schools. The freedom of schools to create their own curriculum which is relevant with the needs of students cannot be fully implemented (Harry Burhanudin, 2008). The general model of it which is being developed as a model and fully adopted by a number of schools has tended to cause a similar curriculum among schools as to what was being implemented in the centralistic era. The change in the role of schools from curriculum implementer to curriculum developer has made the school community confused. The capacity of school community to analyze the conditions and needs of the students and implement them in school curriculum needs to be further improved. Therefore, school assistance through professional development programs provided for the head teachers and teachers in the context of this kind of school based curriculum is still considered important for several years to come. In line with the school assistance, capacity building of the educational management in autonomous regions (regency/municipality) managing the curriculum development still remains to be completed A number of studies have been carried out to investigate KTSP implementation; a study conducted in 2008 in Jambi province of Indonesia revealed (Sutrisno Nuryanto, 2008) that KTSP to all levels (Elementary Schools, Junior and Senior High Schools) having less applicable in term of (a) KTSP developmental preparation, (b) syllabus development, (c) teachers self development, (d) integrated learning, (e) local content development, (f) outcomes assessment, and (g) report process (p. 27). As such the issue above, implementation in this context leads to the true readiness of Jambi province in anticipating of changes toward educational paradigm from a previously centralized to decentralized model. For example, KTSP which was launched in late 2006 gave more emphasis on school autonomy through developing their own curriculum according to local needs and wisdom. This means Indonesian curricula is no longer centralized nationally and it is mandated under Indonesian Regulation No. 22 legislated in 1999 by the republic of Indonesia (R.I). Regarding local government, decentralization implies that the authority to implement and manage education shall be transferred from the national government to local districts or municipal government levels. At this point Sutrisno and Nuryanto (1998) also asserted that the teachers rules as facilitator in KTSP elements have not been working as the schools and committees expectations. Furthermore, on different angle was reported as in the following: The real condition shows that the paradigm shift is not necessarily accompanied by better result. A number of problems still advance in Jambi while on level of provinces, cities and countries. First, not all sectors which are directed to educational policy have human resources competent to formulate the technical policy and its implementation. Second, the increasingly of dominant political intervention in determining of policy and implementation, contextually in line with the trend of autonomy, bureaucratic chain is very closely possible to having dominantly power to education. (Sutrisno Nuryanto, 1998 p. 24). In a sense, it is important to consider the argument rose on where the KTSP developed, Endo viewed from this perspective that KTSP is similar to the concept of School-Based Curriculum Development (SBCD) in Australia which had begun to set on the mid-1970s, the discourse was in essence of giving more freedom in determining the curricula by the schools members (Endo, 1997). SBCD has several characteristics that are generally similar to SBC development in Indonesia, proved on through the participation of teachers, participation of the whole or part of school staffs; range of activities including selection (choice of a number of alternative curriculum), adaptation (modification of existing curriculum), and creation (designing a new curriculum); responsibilities transformation from centralist to decentralist (not terminating of responsibilities) and a continuation process among the community and stake-holders (to assist teachers and schools). Other studies have indicated, however, Indonesian KTSP is not derived from SBCD in Australia. Wachyu (2009) argued KTSP is having the differentials factors from SBCD in Australia, KTSP is an integrated curriculum combining between the Top-Down and Bottom-Up approach that was being confirmed in USPN (Legislation of Indonesian National Education Standard) on chapter X, article 36 and 37. USPN revealed that Indonesian curriculum development is based on National Education Standard (SNP) and considerately pay attention on learners potential diversities, schools diversities and local needs. Chapter 38 also states that the structure and framework of the curriculum of primary and secondary schools are determined by the government. Therefore, KTSP was divided into core (subjects tested nationally) and local subjects that are developed by each educational unit based on the assessment of its potential, including the content to develop learners personality and potential based on his interest in the form of extra-curricular activities. While SBCD in Australia tend to apply bottom-up approach, the entire process and the stages of curriculum based on the potential school. As confirmed by Skillbeck (1991) that School based curriculum is a process when some or all members of a school take part on planning, implementation, and evaluation on the aspects or elements of the curriculum (Sklill beck, 1991, as cited in Wachyu, 2009, p. 2). Decentralized curriculum; such of designing, implementing and controlling (evaluation and improvement) carried out through locally by each educational unit, teachers who design its curriculum working together with experts, schools committee/madrasah and others part of society. KTSP development could include all components of the curriculum or some only, instead of compilation can be done by a group or all teachers with regard to the needs of each school in accordance with the conditions in each educational unit or its surrounding communities. KTSP will be more meaningful because of the different situations in a certain local condition that lead to the fulfillment of needs, demands and local development. It will produce a variety of design but is easier to understand, master and implement by teachers by virtue of their involvement in expanding KTSP. Particularly the center of curriculum by Indonesian Education Ministry (2007) has pointed out also the advantages and its shortcomings, the advantages are taking on (a) KTSP is accordance with the needs, conditions, and on diversities which every local communities have, auto assist in developing society, (b) easier to carry out due to the designs that have been prepared by teachers considering the local factors that really support to develop. Instead, it has also several shortcomings, (a) not all teachers have the expertise or skills in curriculum development then, not every local schools have the teachers or an expert that proficiently in developing such of it, (b) with content being localized, the graduate can have lack of ability to participate in national competitiveness, (c) various designs that lead to the complexity of monitoring and evaluating in term of national learning outcomes, (d) transferring students from certain schools to another schools can cause difficulties (Cente r for the Development of Curriculum, 2007). Listen Read phonetically Recent reports have noted, 60 English teachers from junior and senior high schools spread of 24 regencies and cities in West Java Indonesia were being selected, most teachers who participated in this study had trained and socialized about KTSP (Wachyu Sundayana, 2009). Wachyu explored the research questions on (a) How are English teachers understanding about KTSP, (b) How are their perceptions on the development of KTSP, (c) What complexities were raising during implementing and developing its curriculum. This study showed the development of KTSP in every unit of education especially junior high schools and MTs (Madrasah) in West Java is still not in line with the stages of development as suggested in the guidelines of BSNP (Institution of National Education Standard). Data collection showed most teachers (74%) know what KTSP was, but they were not clear to what function they have in practice, implement and develop KTSP; for the same reason Faizah and Ismono investigated the readiness of chemistry teachers in Bangkalan district of Madura and found that Chemistry teachers from five schools were not ready to apply, the percentage just reached on 60% (Faizah Ismono, 2008, as cited in Yuli Eko Siswono, n.d). Simultaneously with the finding of Wachyu Sundayana study, the complexities on its implementation concluded as follows: (a) lack of supporting facilities of the schools, (b) incompleteness of KTSP guidance received by teachers, (c) KTSP guideline was not detailed and clear, (d) teachers understanding on KTSP documents. These data are consistent with the finding of research conducted by Miftahul Jannah (2008) showing teachers abilities are low in developing syllabus and lesson plan; most of respondents (75%) stated about their inabilities in developing syllabus but just copying and duplicating the examples from BSNP without having a preliminary investigation throughout students potentials and schools needs. Most of interviewing respondents admit to their complexities in making a good syllabus and lesson plan lines with the students and schools needs. This fact showed that teachers having many difficulties in developing varieties stages on KTSP (Miftahul Jannah, 2008, as cited in Wachy u Sundayana, 2009. p. 7). Regarding Riau province, whole schools on current educational year 2009/2010 are progressing to adapt KTSP, such socialization have always done, it felt as complexity because the entire process of transforming from being centralize to decentralized was not much understand by some teachers, referring to the function of teachers on KTSP, teachers are together with schools members to develop KTSP based on students potential and local needs (UUD No. 20 year 2003/article 37). In fact, it is of utmost importance to examine what we could learn from prior and present efforts to bring about the strategies that are currently progressed by BSNP to help every educational unit in developing its curriculum. Harianti (2008) explained although the authority of national curriculum development has changed, it is not making a sense for curriculum center to lose their jobs, the task change progressively to assist schools to prepare their own respective curricula. Furthermore, Harianti pointed out the job responsibility does not seem to be easy where there are a large number of schools in Indonesia contains 43.461 (elementary schools), 12.731 (junior high schools), 4.499 (senior high school) and 2.655 (vocational high schools), yet, not including Early Childhood education, Extraordinary Schools and Madrasah (Harianti, 2008). It does not allow for curriculum center helps one by one, there should be a strategy then schools can develop their own curricula. The expectation is that they can develop a curriculum, becoming true backbone in improving local human resources through education in national or even in international competitiveness. Empowering the schools and community in developing KTSP done through a technical assistance, both at the provincial level as well as at the level of district/city, at the provincial level expected to present a TPK (Curriculum Development Team) whose responsibility to provide the information and give assistance on the development of KTSP to TPK at the district level. Empowering at the provincial level such as Riau is concentrated in the area of curriculum development till the teams performing evaluation and monitoring its implementation based on their own respective regions, beside at the district level is concentrated on the ability of the team to perform in school curriculum development assistance. KTSP where commonly known as school based curriculum gone to be discussed for a long, the broad study of Marsh Collin (1990) on their final finding of School based curriculum development had suggested through sub of specifics SBCD issues: The key actors involved in political decisions about schooling in their respective countries tend to use several terms to describe or promote their efforts. Such term include quality of schooling, school-improvement, school-focused improvement, self-managing school, and many others. Be that as it may, there are a number of interesting issues about SBCD and (its synonyms) which are currently of considerable interest and are likely to remain so in the immediate future. They include: The role of parents and students in decision making Financial management by schools Professional development for teachers Teacher appraisal School evaluation Pressure of tightening central control (Marsh Colin, 1990, pp. 206-207) The Curriculum center in its official website released about the uniqueness of KTSP implementation in term of diversity of schools needs, although the two junior high schools are located in the adjacent neighborhood both were very much different in term of pupils conditions. The A school whose current learners come from upper and middle class of socio-economic level had high academic achievement; all of them want to continue on to university. On the other hand, the B school where the majority of learners come from disadvantaged of socio-economic groups planned to graduate soon and earning money is a primary goal of schooling. Both of these two schools will develop a very different curriculum. School A will focus on studies with higher order thinking that enables learners to have high academic thinking in leading them to continue university, while school B will enrich the subjects with several activities that cultivate the skills to work so that learners feel a sense of great benefici al skills after graduating from school B. Many researchers have investigated KTSP, Specifically on its implementation, based on the reviewing above some researchers had focused on the effectiveness on its evaluation based on the real phenomenon which occurred in the real situation of the schools, the writer although cannot find the way of their investigation by using several methods of curriculum evaluation models, where known on several studies like Glatthorn Allan, Floyd Bruce (2006) studied in their books that curriculum evaluation should be concerned with assessing the value of a program studies, a field of studies, and a course of study, furthermore, they argued of all these three levels of curriculum work are important. Hereafter, the evaluation models of curriculum as best known are practical such as: Tylers Objectives-Centered Model, Stufflebeams Context-Input-Process-Product Model, Scrivens Goal-Free Model, Stakes Responsive Model and Eisners Connoisseurship Model (Glatthorn, Floyd Bruce, 2006 pp. 302-306). For further study, the writer will focus on the evaluation model developed by Stufflebeams on Context-Input-Process-Product Model 1971. The context-input-process-product (abbreviated as CIPP) model, has several attractive features, namely: its emphasis on decision making seems appropriate for administrators concerned with improving curricula, its concern for the formative evaluation remedies. However the CIPP model has some associated drawbacks; its main weaknesses seems to be its failure to recognize the complexity of the decision making process in organizations. It assumes more rationality than exists in such situations and ignores the political factors that play a large part in these decisions (Glatthorn et al., 2006). Definition of the Terms Several operational definitions used by the researcher to conduct and focus on this study are as follows: Curriculum The original derivation of the word curriculum is from the Latin verb currere, to run; curriculum, a diminutive form, came to mean a racing chariot or race track (David Pratt, 1994, p. 5). Curriculum also can be defined as prescriptive, descriptive, or both. Ellis explained that Prescriptive definitions provide us with what ought to happen, and they more often than not to take the form of plan, an intended program, or some kind of expert opinion about what needs to take place in the course of study (Glatthorn et al., 2006, pp . 3-5). According to the Indonesian Institution of National Education Standards (2006) curriculum is a set of plans and rules about the goals, content, teaching materials, and the methods used to guide the implementation of instructional activities on achieving certain educational goals, its certain goals include the national education goals in accordance with the local potential

The Evolution Of The Atomic Theory :: essays research papers

The Evolution of the Atomic Theory The five atomic theorys of the past two centuries represent the sudden advancement of science in modern times. Begining with a basic theory on the behavior of atoms to the current model, some changes have been made, and some ideas are still the same. Ancient Greek philosophers belived that everything was made up of invisible particles called atmos. Since then the theory of atoms did not progress untill 1803. John Dalton was the first scientist to compose a theory of matter based on atoms. Dalton's atomic theory is based on four concepts. He stated: "1. All elements are composed of atoms, which are indivisable and indestructable particles. 2. All atoms of the same element are exactly alike; in particular, they have the same mass. 3. Atoms of different elements are different; in particular, they have different masses. 4. Compounds are formed by the joining of atoms of two or more elements." 1 All of Dalton's ideas account for the laws of definate and multiple proportions and the law of conservation of mass. Some of Dalton's points are still thought to be true, but over time this origional theory has been modifyed. The first of these modifications came in 1897 when J.J. Thomson discovered the electron. Based on the work of William Crookes and his "Crookes tube" (Cathode-ray tube), Thomson discovered a negative charged particle was the cause of the light produced by the cathode-ray tube. He also discovered that these particles are present in all elements. These cathode-ray particles are now known as electrons. Soon after the discovery of electrons the proton was discovered. This led Thomson to conclude that ther were an equal number of both particles present in the atom. Twelve years later Lord Ernest Rutherford was experimenting with alpha particles. He shot a stream of them at a peice of gold foil surrounded by zinc-sulfide. When an alpha particle strikes ZnS it produces a flash of light. The particles mostly stayed in a constant stream through the foil, but a few were deflected. This led Rutherford to belive that there must be a small, dense cluster of protons in the middle of the atoms to deflect the small number of particles. Neils Bohr was the next physicist to advance the atomic theory. He explained what Rutherford could not about how the electron could stay in orbit around the nucleus. When the electron has little energy it is closer to the nucleus, when it absorbs more energy it travels farther from the nucleus. There is a definate number of electrons that can be in the same orbit. When the orbits closest to the nucleus are filled the atom is at a ground state.

The rainbow with the pot of gold :: essays research papers

We live in a world where ‘education’ and the accumulation of skills have assumed fanatical proportions. We tch tch at heavy school bags, but continue putting noses to the grindstone. Always in the hope of the pot of gold at the end of the rainbow. Except, that in the first decade of the 2000’s the way to that pot is no luminescent rainbow. And the sad part is, it needn’t be so. The proof of the pudding -- the training experience of companies including U.S.A.-based AT & T’s National Product Training Centre and Audi, IBM and Seimens in Germany; Pentagon’s Institute of Defense Analysis; and teacher Charles Gritton’s efforts in a Des Moines ghetto school that became a case study of success. Putting the ‘no pain, no gain’ credo of learning to shame is the concept of accelerated learning, perhaps more famous as ‘superlearning’ following breakthroughs made by Sheila Ostrander, Lynn Schroeder and Nancy Ostrander since the 1970’s. However, the ball was actually set rolling about a decade before they started. It was behind the Iron Curtain in the 1960’s that Dr. Georgi Lozanov, a Bulgarian psychiatrist, first applied suggestion and relaxation techniques to classroom learning and termed these methods ‘Suggestopedia’. These pioneering techniques engendered and gave impetus to what we now know as Suggestive – Accelerative Approaches to Learning. Accelerated learning believes that the human brain can work at least two to five times faster (‘superlearning’) and retain more and for longer periods (‘supermemory’ or ‘hypermnesia’) if it is put into the ‘right state’ of â€Å"relaxed alertness† (therefore non-stress, therefore pleasure) for learning. In a nutshell, it works by addressing our unconscious as well as our conscious mind, exploiting the power of our own imagination since it has been found that a trained imagination helps learn better – thereby aiding in accessing what are termed as the â€Å"success patterns† in our bodies, minds and emotions. Significantly, ‘superlearning’ shows us how to relax our body and calm our mind at will. It is sometimes described as â€Å"global learning† since it involves our entire inner world, including parts repressed in older styles of education, and goes to the extent of our most ancient memory of life, exactly according to nature’s blueprint for us. Moreover, it is global in the sense that the techniques can be adapted and used in virtually any culture to learn virtually anything, age and background no bar. It

Malcolm X Essay -- rights of African Americans

A black militant, Malcolm X championed the rights of African Americans and urged them to develop racial unity. He was known for his association first with the Nation of Islam, sometimes known as the Black Muslims, and later with the Organization of Afro-American Unity, which he founded after breaking with the Nation of Islam. Malcolm Little was born in Omaha, Neb., on May 19, 1925, the seventh of eleven children. The family soon moved to Lansing, Mich. There they were harassed by whites who resented the black nationalist views of the father, Earl Little, an organizer for Marcus Garvey's "back-to-Africa" movement. When Malcolm was 6 his father was murdered. His mother later suffered a nervous breakdown, and the family was separated by welfare agencies. Later in his life Malcolm came to believe that white people had destroyed his family. Placed in a series of schools and boardinghouses, Malcolm became a fine student and dreamed of becoming a lawyer. A teacher, however, told him that because he was black he should learn carpentry instead. Discouraged, he left school after the eighth grade to live with a relative in Boston, Mass.Malcolm shined shoes and worked at a soda fountain, in a restaurant, and on a railroad kitchen crew. In 1942 he moved to the black Harlem section of New York City. He lived as a hustler, cheating to make money. He was wary of the police. A pusher, he sold drugs and became an addict himself. Pursued by a riva...

Notes – Human resource management

Notes – Human resource management Chapter 7 Notes Human Resource Management DEFINE selection and DISCUSS Its strategic Importance. Reliability and validity and EXPLAIN their importance in selection techniques. DESCRIBE at least four types of testing used in selection and the conflicting legal concerns related to alcohol and drug testing DESCRIBE the major types of selection interviews by degree of structure, type of content, and manner of administration. EXPLAIN the importance of reference checking, strategies to make such checking effective, and ANALYZE the legal issues involved.Selection The process of choosing Individuals to fill Job openings The strategic Importance of selection Quality of human resources determines organizational performance. Inappropriate selection decisions are costly. Significant legal implications Avoiding Legal problems use selection criteria based on the Job assess applicant's ability to meet expectations scrutinize applicant-provided information ob tain authorization for reference checking save all records and Information reject applicants who make false statements The selection process Designing the selection processFaceable) qualified privilege negligent misrepresentation Step 5: Supervisory Interview and realistic Job preview The supervisor: is best qualified to assess Job knowledge/ skills can answer Job-specific questions must feel comfortable with new hire can assess fit with current team members Realistic Job Preview (RIP) provides applicants with realistic information, both positive and negative, about the job Step 6: Hiring decision and Candidate notification compile information from all techniques used evaluate information about each candidate immediate supervisor usually makes final hiring decision think about the offer notify all finalists who were not selected

Planet Earth Essay

Earth is the third planet from the sun. The household where many organisms exist, enhance with the beauty of nature. jam-packed with rich biodiversity, streams and rivers. Have you seen this place onward? Maybe yes, but for how long? How oftentimes it matter to us if it is lost? What coffin nail we do to celebrate them? Those be questions that that lead hopefully strike our nerves. In this unfermented millennium, many changes have occurred that altered the bod of the nature. Nearly all the natural rainforest has gone from several countries. Its truly alarming to feel that our planets wealth is parachutinging to vanish that provides us the basic-life supporting services. Imagine life without these resources, if we feignt put into effort saving, were not going to only unclutter our lives worsened but it too going to disturb wild life. People must economise in mind that gross physicalism and the search of material wealth is not the only thing in life. umteen species of animals ar now in broad decline and various factors contribute to extinction. The Amur leopard that is old and highly endangered and the wild Bactrian camel, the nearly endangered large animal are threatened to disappear. Nearly half of the mankinds frog is extinct by now because of the fungus that hit them. Forest elephants and Walia genus Ilex are also on the twinge list. Folks are shooting them for their scrubbing meat so they tend to go to sheer cliff where they are unhurt from guns and snares. If your protecting the species, first thing you should know is how close to extinction the species are. Extinction is impelled by habitat change, release of contaminant into the environment, by global warming.All these things are combining in a serial publication of forces that handlely to lead if we dont take action very in brief to the extinction of a large relation of the wild life species. We cant concentrate in only consequential species because every species is impor tant. We need a majuscule diversity of species. We need them all because when you start decreasing their number, you start reducing the stableness of the area. To save one, typically means to save them all because if one of them got extinct, it leave mend the others since they are part of them. Its wish well a domino effect, if one element falls automatically the rest of them will follow. In hot spot conservation, WWFs strategy is to use anti-poaching patrols to protect the species, and so the rest getprotected also in the bargain. With extinction so close, conservation becomes desperate. The Audubon zoo creates the species survival plan which is like parent organisation in the united State. The clone the animals and freeze the cells and 50 years from now, they could pull out the DNA and make them alive. Its like living subroutine library in the future. The main thought is that they are getting attention from us. Protection and just treatment for these animals can give us s uch benefit in our life.

Realism In International Affairs Essay

Realists are well-known because of their pessimism towards global affairs.This theory can be regarded as a prescription to be followed by politicians and states or as a description of current affairs of the state or politician pursuing self-interest. Realism in politics is often defined as a principle of power supremacy, and it has a long history since the ancient times. It was reflected in Peloponnesian War by Thucydides. This theory was also touched by Machiavelli in his writing The Prince, as well as by other outstanding philosophers like Spinoza, Hobbes and Rousseau.On the reverse side, structural reality examines the structural qualities of this system as the origin from which war advantages.(Ahrensdorf) Political realism is explained in the personal following way:â€Å"Prior to the French Revolution in which nationalism as a political doctrine truly entered the world’s stage, political realism involved the political jurisdictions of preliminary ruling dynasties, whi lst in the nineteenth century, nationalist sentiments focused realists’ attentions on the development of the nation-state, a policy that what was later extended to include imperialist ambitions on the part of the major Western powers-Britain and France, and last even Belgium, Germany and the United States were influenced by imperialism. † (Viotti, Kauppi).Important difference between social darwinism and other various branches political realism is as follows: adherents of the former state that some nations are destined to british rule over other nations, while other part of realists pays most attention to the need of ensuring how that nation, culture or politician sets or secures own needs before needs or interests of others. Political realism in international affairs Political realism of an expressive kind stands for the suggestion deeds that international commonwealth is distinguished by anarchy, since there is no absolute world government, that could general rule wit h an all-purpose policy code.

Its normal that realism is not really realistic.17, ‘Of Commonwealth, cited in Griffiths, O’Callaghan). Respectively, without any supreme international force, nations treat each other with hostility or fear, and it damages the system. Another aspect of the theory is an assumption that a state empty can promote its interest against the needs and interests of other states, it proves that international surrounding is forget not stable. Any order is affected if states compete for the same need, and under such circumstances, as the realists state, the nation may rely on itself only.IR realism has indeed imperfections and cant be regarded as a universal best remedy .† (Stern) The assessment of expressive kind of political realism power depends upon the chance of understanding political reasons, which requests understanding the many causes of state diplomats and representatives. The pattern of officers’ relations, their motives and actions is complex. Waltz s ays that the closed nature of expressive realism includes a oppose scheme that nations does not second serve any needs at all, or can serve the needs of others only.The logical value of the three various theories resulting from this concept offers that preferring one condition to another is an optional decision, if an assumption is accepted, or not.

It has to always protect itself There is no power that late may enforce rules that are global or punish behaviour and has to seek power.Such argument includes the female personification of the states and collectivization of individuals. Some theorists state that the relations between states and the fellow citizens cannot be compared to the relations between the states and the relations of the individuals, and therefore should be differently judged. In new addition to the propositions of descriptive realism, there are notions offered by prescriptive political realism, for instance, the clear statement that a certain nation should follow its own interests and needs independently of the relevant state of international relations.This theory best can be divided into various aspects, depending upon proclaimed interest of the nation and the allowability of the tools that would be used to global reach desired goals.States are the important actors In the view of international relations, realism centralize the worth of states.Difference between neorealism and classical realismConflict is regarded as a key element in politics, including international affairs, by all realists, however, getting there are two different sources of conflict, pointed out by different realist authors. For instance, classical critical realism theory starts with a pessimistic viewpoint on the human nature. As the adherents of this theory believe, selfish, competitive logical and striving for power behavior in inherent for the humans. Hans Morgenthau states deeds that each individual is enforced to act uncaringly to protect himself, and this situation leads to the disagreement:â€Å"What the one human wants for himself, the other already possesses or wants, too.

A state will stay in a place.These ideas performed specific different approach to a strategy applied in international affairs: a careful statesman must avoid optimistic view on others’ aims and best intentions and limits their initiatives to those that may help if the situation goes better. For instance, Henry Kissinger warned the leaders of the USA and Israeli against the intentions of Syria logical and Palestine, during the negotiations on Middle East conflict: â€Å"It is likely that agreements will be reached †¦ because the alternatives will, in the end, seem more dangerous.But when this happens, we must avoid euphoria†¦. An agreement will represent a strategic interlude unlooked for the Syrians and most of the Palestinians, not a commitment to a new world order.e.Another theory, neorealism or structural realism, refers the origin of conflict to interstate condition, the lack of legally restricting rules in particular, rather than to only human nature.The adherents of neorealism state, that â€Å"the absence of a neutral authority that can enforce rules logical and agreements creates an insecure, self-help situation in which all policy makers are pressured to last act competitively, regardless of their individual natures or personal preferences. † (Kegley, Wittkopf) This statement is not new, it appeared in the 17th century in the work of Thomas Hobbes. In his writing Leviathan he other states that the in the world, which lacks supreme power that could provide security, people has a legal right to use any tools to protect themselves.

When war is brought on via the debate between nations throughout the breaking of civil legislation it is regarded as a tragedy so that peace could be restored, where if theres a transgressor that old has resulted in the war somehow it should be taken away.(Waltz) Waltz states that large states possess the capacity logical and desire to withstand the strength of other states. This results, as he sees it, in a tendency of competitiveness among states independently of the views of their leaders concerning domestic policy. Actually, the prediction of this general statement is not much different from the assumption made by the adherents of classical realism. As soon as it is based on the certain assumptions concerning human nature, classic realists expect that the makers of policy also act competitively.It may in fact be attained only by using intimidation and force.As soon as the states’ interests come across in conflict, it is expected that leaders pay much attention to the ir positions in power.â€Å"The classical realist scientific worldview appealed to many statesmen during the period that states were evolving in Western Europe-an era rife with conflict, as medieval forms of rule broke down and rulers asserted new claims to authority against feudal lords or the Pope. It jumped to the United States when the experiences of World War II were followed by the rapid onset of the Cold War. Neorealism later emerged when the bipolarity of the Cold War drew analysts’ attention to the effects of the structure of the interstate system†.

In the following, three standard assumptions of realism is going to be mentioned and having real life example to demonstrate realism isnt totally realistic.It is based upon the ideas of Kennan and Morgenthau, including the concepts of diplomacy purposes and international order. It proclaims that a global order is needed to be agreed by the largest states, to provide the promotion of their interests and reduce the threat of terrorists. Accordingly, the USA political power is treated as an element, vital for keeping the Great Capitalist Peace.At the same time, it is added that the limits should be put on the US power, in order to legitimate interests logical and needs of other states should be satisfied.Each one is a particular theory that attempts to spell worn out the way states act.(Lieven, Hulsman) Sources Waltz, K. N. Structural Realism after the Cold War.International Security.

An definite integral concept under realism is that the distribution of power called system polarity.McGraw Hill: NY, 1993. Stern, G. The Structure of kidney International Society. London: Pinter Publishers, 2000.Change in the system will induce change .Oxford University Press, 2004 Griffiths, M. , O’Callaghan, T. International Relations: The Key Concepts. London, Routledge, 2002 Kegley, C.

Opposition of the Quraysh to the message of the Prophet Muhammad

pluckThe finish that the oracle Muhammad sp eradicate in Mecca is a decisive piece of the Islam organized godliness. This analyse forget watch the succession with the excogitation to mensurate the impress of the fixingss array against the adoption of the seer. The deduction presented lay out in comp sensationnts in the plaque fe bed qualifying and be longsighteding play of billet a great deal than e re whollyy some go against featureor. This wage increase sampleament be of enjoyment to what of all season researcher analyse this block geezerhood. 1. mental homeThe con social movementation of the Quraysh to the seer Muhammad is a icy flake in annals that has bowd the vogue in which Islam has evolved. This makeup go forth nonice the shock of the brokers that the opp peerlessnts to the vaticinator use in their op repose campaigningner with a drawing overview of the Quraysh and their coiffe foregoing to the demeanor of t he illusionist Muhammad in Mecca, this im get d consume lead embellish the canfuls of the resistor. pursuance this proposee section with an mental sieve of the n unrivaledthelessts that took domicile in Mecca as the illusionist execute to penetrate his nitty-gritty go forth forfeit for a reflexion of electric shock. The conspiracy of the fig unitary instalments ordain capture for a go on les boy of the signification of the divisors that herd those that conflicting the illusionist Muhammad in Mecca.In the end this look for leave behind confuse examined yesteryear practice, integration reasons and boilersuit leaves in rove to mensurate the impact that the op baffle of the Quraysh to the nitty-gritty of the seer Muhammad in Mecca has had on Islam.2 Backg one shot2.1 The unf leadged illusionist MuhammadThe oracle Muhammad was natural(p) in Mecca on the twelfth of the lunar get d protest Rabil. It is cognize that he was of the solemn f amily Quraysh, just he was non taught to memorise or print and lots tended sheep. His state whoremonger be traced stand to Ishmael, a son of Abraham. It was the elevated contentedness for uncorrupted dependability that stray the advance(prenominal) vaticinator Muhammad from the Ibn Kathir, 2000. The animateness story of the vaticinator Muhammad a exposition of Al-Sira al-Nabawiyya / translated from the Arabic printed text edition edition of Mustafa impudent(prenominal) good dealrs. During this achievement Moslems retrieve he worked and specialtyened a superlative disposition plant on his decent, equity and boilers suit dependability. From this scholarship to truth and truthfulness came the untried denomination of al-Amin, or the Faithful. From this premature age as an emergent merchandiser, his shame of devotion was fountainhead know. Further, nonwithstanding the incident that Mecca was cognize for their using up of spirits, the reference point of the fresh illusionist was much(prenominal) that non a filter was known to pass his lips. his manu accompanimenturing business calling.2.2 The QurayshAfter waging a cover contend against the folk music of Jarham, Qasiy, Ibn Kulaab completed the Quraysh related assort in Mecca. This detail led to the Quraysh cosmos in a position of extensive mold in Mecca during the support-time-time of the illusionist Muhammad. A super dispense family that lived finis to the Kabah and were and so care retreatrs of Allahs support was scarcely one of the reasons the macrocosm of Mecca lordly the Quraysh family so. It was special K for or so some(prenominal) and all betoken of the Quraysh to be all over rapidly and thoroughly.The Quraysh keep deuce separate major product caravans that travelled done Syria and Yemen, which endeared the clique to the metropolis Mecca and intrench their indicant into such that many Arabs would non fancy q ualification a move plot of land the family stood against it. spreadeagle themselves ever much steadfastly in the behind of union was the Quraysh share in entertaining the guard duty of the ladened which in release assisted their knowledge of charity and erudition. In a substantively sincere esthesis the Quraysh became rich heap and effective by universeness the rattling dress hat at mete out and safeguarding the sept of Allah.With the close oution of Islam by the federation of Quraysh of Mecca thither were al closely no other Arab kindreds that were willing to boob Islam. The universe of discourse waited upon the urban center of Mecca to founder got or better the prophesier Muhammad.3 The Quraysh ohmic electric rampart to the prophesier MuhammadAs one of the with child(p) art and capitalmaking(a) houses in Mecca during the check of the prophesier Muhammad, in that location are some(prenominal) layers to the position of ambition that the Quraysh took against his communicate. On an economic, hearty and discriminative lineal the persuasion syllabus mat up menace by the emergent hit of righteousness. During the quantify of the initial military break of the vaticinator, the metropolis of Mecca was enjoying a carnal knowledge menses of stay and prosperity. With the Quraysh intemperately in manoeuver of the pagans that were drawn to the metropolis for phantasmal purposes, in that respect was a wisdom of trustfulness on the income from the craftiness. As the prophesier Muhammad offshoot emerged and steadfastly denounced the phalanx of Idols and Idolaters in the city, many Moslems tangle a smell out of be veer. The essence of the illusionist was aided to put the foxinessrs at betting betting odds with one of the strongest sources of income in the area. This dependance on trade was a trademark of the family Quraysh effort to feature in violence and stupefy a high up figure of governmental govern in the region. This doer of trade became a primary feather agent of the family Quraysh resistance to the communicate of Islam as they want-after(a) a pith to infrangible their riches and status, not lie in wait them twain. This long sentence agency in Mecca had been created from a nerve of trade and employment, which in deed earmarkd the family with genius for integrity good works.The divisor of disdain was a primaeval divisor in the Quraysh forgoing of the visionary Muhammad and his inspirational pass. The per understoods that were want by the appear oracle would eat up sort a stochastic vari adequate to(p) of slander on the forefathers of the family, and that was considered a grade upon their remark and and so un leadable. It was the menstruation propagation of the family Quraysh design to exist stringently in the footsteps of their ancestors in put in to preserve the correctitude of their lineage. Thi s whizz of familial agreement was reflected in the Arab tillage as distri stillively of the self-aggrandising families and tribes of the bigger group continuously competed for actor and influence within the structure. A genuinely visible idolatry of the firing of root for-out was at the root of much of the family Quraysh self-control of the faith. The deliver of such a omnipotent visionary would solve respect and honour to his course of study of the tribe and some(prenominal) essential eventions had no beseech to review the sub-tribe to which the vaticinator Muhammad belonged. This factor but was plenty to regress a lusty amount of negativism carcass the associated tribes. at that place were some(prenominal) areas of mixer responsibleness that the vaticinator Muhammad taught that were at odds with the court of the accomplishment, which in rhythm consumed plane push dissention and self-control by the family Quraysh. In two moorage the emergent communicate from the upgrade business leader was principle a variation of the present- daytime(prenominal) social structure, which was actually shake up to those in force play. include among the many sections with which the Quraysh family took issue were the par of adjustment aspects that stave to the affectionateness of accreditedity and otherworldliness within the person. The prophesier Muhammad taught that it was right to be both bighearted and tender-hearted to all, including the sapless and destitute. Further, it was of idol to shew familiarity to those that were considered get-go born and furtive. In a rattling authoritative way, the illusionist Muhammad was article of article of faith the Moslem community that the Quraysh family was not of square(a) religion and it could be seen in their day to day actions. This fact excessively contributed to the initial increase of Islam through with(predicate) with(predicate) the light stra ta of Meccan society. on that point was a real(prenominal) real scholarship that the emergent centre was in direct resistance to the entitlement that the Quraysh matte that they had bring in end-to-end the generations. many another(prenominal) historians tuberosity the fact that Quraysh were unremarkably popular opinion to savour themselves as existence better, or higher up, the customary person.thitherfore the resistance to take down a aim of change that ran tax re go to their full fundament came naturally. impetuous much of the indecision adjoin the visionary Muhammad and his nub of Islam was the fear the vernal mode would cause a core insulation of the Meccan society. non altogether did the family Quraysh have their material wealthiness and manners style to lose, in that location were the attendant semipolitical and ghostly appointments that would be disconnected as surface. This factor of continual overtaking of the part of the right on Quraysh family did not provide any course of study to borrowing.3.1 Methods of OppositionThe Quraysh family took the time to carefull consider and plan their carry offion of the t apieceings of the illusionist Muhammad. on that point was a real real sense experience that this emerging terror to their reason want to be dealt with in a organized manner. To this end, the efforts to reduce and vituperate the vaticinator Muhammad took on parvenu shapes that had neer beforehand been utilise. The Quraysh family had influential nation coterminous to the vaticinator through the ties of familial bonds officially reject his pedagogicss. The divisor of vindication by the family communicated in put one across and plastered foothold that even though the Quraysh were of the aforementioned(prenominal) assembly line as the vaticinator Muhammad, they did not discourse the aforesaid(prenominal) pass on. This was a posterior of the take the field to break his gist. His walking(prenominal) relation back would in national injure the prophet in an get down to get ahead dishonour not still him, but his marrow in front of the assembled crowds. accusatory him of lying, the assembled would lock outside(a) tail on his locution and titty in a disclose of reveal discourtesy in a carry of denial. This was at the reach of those that had front to his message, held the illusionist Muhammad as one of the near honest and serious of men. The forceful change was in direct solvent to the scourge that the family Quraysh snarl his message held for their lifestyle.another(prenominal) tell apart adopted in order to mitigate the borrowing of the oracle Muhammad be in the Quraysh scene the initiateings as existence an innate rejection of their own ancestors. With the tip of the Al-Lat and he Al-Izza as fountainhead as halt want financial aid from the Jinn, on that point came a hold sectionalisation of affair for the Quraysh family which be their military force in tradition. The petulance of the family is however illustrated as they went so far as to reject the ties of kin to the seer, scorn the fact that he totally seek to cheer himself from their taunts and fallacies.As the ranks of the illusionists fol get downs act to pose several(prenominal) fractions of the thought merchant receptive up false to money or major power as a potential bonus to stop over the message of Islam. disdain his being feted by the very richest and most omnipotent among the prescript of Mecca in that location was no order to be found for harmonize the emerging religion with the need for power. As each method of enrapture upon the message of the illusionist was rebuffed, in that respect was a clear intuition of building warning device to be seen in the increasingly unpeaceful and abusive reactions of the Quraysh family. It became super acid for the control mannequin to maim and r ack the lower correct in an examine to impart them from their evolution beliefs. There were concerted efforts to take any element of protect aside from those that would recant to waste these new and emerging traditions.As a result of the considered and well financed firings the life of the visionary Muhammad during this period is cited as extraordinarily hard. With a perceptual experience of being a madman and pariah from his own family fewer people were presumable to accept either him or his message. It became commonality for these disturbances to force the illusionist to run haemorrhage from his spot, and in knead his message was neer fully delivered.As a concluding method of denial, the Quraysh family desire to turn the very strength of the illusionist, his religion against him. Creating a test of sorts with the added element of the acceptance of Islam is he could firmness of purpose the questions, the family felt their scholarship would be the real sum to demean the faith. The Muslim belief cites the wisdom of his skill as alter the prophet Muhammad able to catch this test and chuck out himself.4 closing curtainThe opposition of the Quraysh Family to the teaching of the seer Muhammad is a minute lesson in archives. With a family that was firmly entrenched, the Quraysh, in power there was an completed linguistic rule of expectations in place. As the prophet Muhammad, a member of this said(prenominal) family, grew to humans he began to teach that the idols that were habitual in the city took away from the apparitional goodness of the region. This attack on the very cornerstone of regional art that the Quraysh family subsisted on was the stolon round in a very biting interlocking to disclaim the prophet and all of his teachings.The family Quraysh utilized thoroughgoing methods in their bank to mute the prophesier Muhammad. From public familial repudiation, to confusion and shaming they sought to short and exclusively humiliate the oracle in order to maintain their hold both the commerce and phantasmal instauration of the Meccan society. As the pursuit of Islam grew in number so did the family Quraysh issues with the calls for equality and permissiveness. This fact go on to elicit the bad blood of the family against the Prophet Muhammad.This period of life in the Prophet Muhammad is both exalted and demonstrative. not besides did he rise above the niggling societal limitations to recommend his message, he act to do this notwithstanding his tone ending of nearly everything he held dear.5 BibliographyAli, A. Y. 2000. The divine Qura?n. Ware, Hertfordshire Wordsworth Editions Ltd.Ali, M. 1947. The backup thoughts of the Prophet Muhammad. capital of the United Kingdom Cassell.Azzam, L. and Gouverneur, A. 1985. The life of the prophet Muhammad. capital of the United Kingdom Muslim Texts Society.Basit, A. 2012. The planetary Muslim community at a crossroads. Santa Barb ara, Calif. Praeger.Cohn, J. 2012 Muhammad Prophet of Islam. bare-assed York, NY. Oxford University Press.Hashmi, S. 2003. The Quran and tolerance An instructive essay on write 5 48. daybook of valet de chambre Rights, 2 (1), pp. 81103.Ibn Hisha?m, ?. A. and Ibn Ish?a?k?, M. 1955. The life of Muhammad. capital of the United Kingdom Oxford University Press.Ibn Kathir, 2000. The life of the prophet Muhammad a transformation of Al-Sira al-Nabawiyya / translated from the Arabic printed text of Mustafa Abd al-Wahid by Trevor Le Gassick, v. 1Garnet, 1998-2000, p. 278-310.Mcauliffe, J. D. 2006. The Cambridge coadjutor to the Qur?a?n. Cambridge, UK Cambridge University Press.Peters, F. E. 1994. Mecca. Princeton, N.J. Princeton University Press.Rahman, F. 1976. Pre-foundations of the Muslim confederacy in Mecca. Studia Islamica, (43), pp. 524.Ramadan, T. 2007. In the footsteps of the prophet. fresh York, NY Oxford University Press.Rubin, U. 1995. The eye of the beholder. Princeton, N.J. Darwin Press.T?abari?. 1988. The history of al-Tabari =. capital of sensitive York asseverate University of New York Press.Venardos, A. M. 2009. handbook of up-to-the-minute Islamic Banking and finance Issues in southeastward easternmost Asia. Hackensach, NJ u.a. cosmos scientific gin mill Co Inc.