Review Question: Outline the Psychosocial Issues Associated with Dementia Essay

Naturally, ageing is associated with ‘slowing down’, including changes in memory and cognitive functioning caused by physical changes in the central nervous system and brain structure. It has been established that good health behaviours, mental exercises and targeted treatment of some organic brain syndromes can help older adults maintain their good cognitive health (Hoffnung et al. , 2010). However, some degenerative brain diseases can cause dementia, particularly in older people, and with international shift towards an older population (Botsford, Clarke & Gibb, 2011), it is predicted that by 2040 there will be over 80 million people having some form of dementia, Alzheimer’s disease being the most common cause (â€Å"Predicting Alzheimer’s†, 2008; Hoffnung et al. , 2010). Although dementia mostly diagnosed in those over 65 years of age, younger people also get diagnosed with this degenerative condition, commonly described as ‘younger onset dementia’ (â€Å"Exploring the Needs of Younger People with Dementia in Australia†, 2007). Symptoms of dementia include impaired orientation, intellect, memory and judgement, and as sufferers experience confusion, delusions, changes in behaviour and personality, they lose independence and require more and more care and controlled environments to keep them safe (Hoffnung et al. , 2010). While the loss of independence and gradual cognitive loss is obviously causing anguish to the patient, dementia also leads to profound changes for those around them (Botsford et al. , 2011). Burden of providing care for an aged person, for example, would often be carried by the spouse or by adult children (Hoffnung et al. , 2010). Providing care involves physical and emotional effort, and sometimes significant financial commitment, as the paid employment may have to be forgone by the caregiver. Perhaps spouses experience the most significant impact of dementia diagnosis, best described by a spouse saying how heartbreaking it is to know that you are â€Å"gradually losing your best friend† (â€Å"Predicting Alzheimer’s†, 2008). It is logical to suggest that the combination of caregivers’ experiences of grief, isolation, life stressors, restricted freedom and other issues (Hoffnung et al. , 2010) may lead to caregiver depression with nearly half of the caregivers being at risk for clinical depression, and with spouses, compared with nonspouses, being significantly more depressed (Schulz et al. , 2004). Institutionalised care facilities for dementia sufferers, subsidized by the Government, may provide some relief for the families, but they do not remove emotional issues that relatives face. Schulz et al. (2004) found that after institutionalising their loved one, relatives did not get relief from depressive symptoms and anxiety and that spouses had higher levels of depression and more anxiety after than their nonspouse counterparts. On the positive side, the benefits of caregiving, particularly by adult children, may include experiencing personal growth (Hoffnung et al. , 2010), and providing help to the relative can make one feel more useful, needed, appreciated, and important (Schulz et al. , 2004) Botsford et al. 2011) have researched the effects of dementia on partners in the context of ethnic minorities and their cultural diversity and such approach has identified that ethnic background appears to influence how people engage with diagnostic and support services and the way they organize care. For example, research identified that black Caribbean people, being conscious about maintaining autonomy and not wanting to be regarded as ‘crazy’, may present to dementia services too late or not at all, thus prompting the authors to highlight the importance of promotion of dementia awareness in specific ethnic communities (Botsford et al. 2011). Report â€Å"Exploring the Needs of Younger People with Dementia in Australia† (2007) outlines a number of additional issues specific for younger people with dementia and their families, including difficulty in diagnosis, effects on family responsibilities while still raising children, working and significant financial commitments, life plans, social and sexual implications and difficulty in accessing appropriate services, as such services are not normally designed for access by younger people.

Role of Youth in promoting Communal harmony in India Essay

Posted by SujataParashar on March 7, 2013 in News  · 0 Comments When my son was about six his classmate asked him about his religion. My son could not answer him as that was the first time someone had asked him that question. He did not know what his religion was. For that matter he did not know the meaning of the word. But he was curious about it and so after returning from School that day he asked me the same question: ‘what is my religion, Mom?’ Instead of replying to him immediately I made him sit and asked him about his day at school and during our conversation gently probed why he wanted to know about it. Once I learnt the exact reason, I explained him the meaning of the term in the simplest of ways and told him that if anyone asks him about it again to tell them that; he is an Indian. He listened to my explanation, nodded quietly and left it at that. I wasn’t sure whether my son had understood or accepted my explanation. But to my surprise I learnt that he had registered it well. And even now when he has learnt through his text books that India is a multi – cultural, multi – lingual and a multi – religious country and that many of his friends belong to different communities and follow different religions, whenever he has been asked by anyone about it, he has sincerely informed them that he is an Indian. I share the above personal experience just to highlight that the understanding and attitudes of our children (and youth) play a crucial role in shaping the future of the country. It is important that from a young age they learn and imbibe the â€Å"unity in diversity† spirit — which is the essence of our nation. In fact, our history is replete with examples where so many of our Kings, Emperors and even the invaders and colonial rulers divided us in the name of religious and communal differences. On the other hand, we also have countless examples of great kings who remained secular in their views and actions throughout their lives and consequently the country prospered under their rule. In fact, India has always been a land of spirituality where the beliefs and faiths of people from different casts and communities have been respected and flourished. But it is also a country which has undergone transformation several times; from dynastic rule of the kings, emperors to colonial rulers and finally to gaining independence and becoming a country of the people, by the people and for the people. Yet, despite attaining freedom, having a written constitution based on ideals of democracy and  secularism and being led by visionary leaders like Mahatma Gandhi, Pt. Nehru, Lal Bahadur Shastri et al communal harmony in the country is on a decline. Issue- based politics has given way to vote – bank politics based on narrow interests and goals of political parties. In order to achieve these goals they’ve been resorting to picking up social causes on communal lines which divides rather than binds people. The situation is so bad today that even a small and often silly remark by an irresponsible member of one community about the other can take the form of a major riot – like situation leading to victimization of several hundred innocent people. Often these remarks are made deliberately and with ill – motives. The chasm between religious communities is so wide that people are fooled easily into believing even baseless rumours spread purposely to cause unrest among them. We Proud Indians Respect All Religions and Countries. In such a sad scenario it is our youths who can become agents of change and create harmony among different communities of the country, with their positive outlook and actions. Understand and Accept – As I mentioned earlier, India is a land where people of different faith have co -existed peacefully. However, it is politics, which proved to be divisive. It is not religious leaders by and large who divide but some politicians or political parties who seek to mobilise votes on grounds of religion, caste and ethnicity. The youth is educated and more aware but at the same time they must accept the true identity of India which is: multi – cultural and multi religious. It is important that they not only understand but also respect other communities and their belief system. Celebrate occasions – Major religious festivals like Diwali, Christmas, Eid, Guru Nanak’s Birthday are officially declared as a holiday in the country. Our constitution says all are equal before the law. The Government encourages all its citizens to celebrate major religious festivals, irrespective of their religion, caste or creed. But how many of us make the effort of joyfully celebrating such festivals together with the members of other communities? Not many, I think. We are divided within on the basis of our religion. One of the best ways to achieve communal harmony is to jointly celebrate and participate in each other’s religious festivals. Young people can show their secular spirit through their attitudes and actions and set an example for others to follow. Spread awareness – Most political parties have been playing the communal card to win elections. They have won elections by dividing people and by turning friends into enemies for their own gains. This must stop. Youth can be powerful agents of change. Once they know the right thing they cannot be suppressed into agreeing with the wrong. Youngsters must come together, express their opinion freely and spread awareness about important national issues and their take on it. They must involve people in discussing and debating these matters of national importance and in arriving at a conclusion through consensus about what is best for the country. And they must make sure their collective opinions are conveyed to the leaders in clear terms. This will not only ensure that the government takes decisions based on the welfare of its people but also check the politicians from playing the communal card. Be a proud Indian – Most of all young people can set example for others by showing their pride in their country thorough positive and healthy dialogues, responsible behavior and caring attitude towards one and all. â€Å"Be the change you want to see† -Mahatma Gandh

CAN bus technologies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 3

CAN bus technologies - Essay Example This caused many problems in the after sales repairs as each of the models had a different set of wiring, which meant qualified and trained staff to work out the repairs or even the general maintenance. The intermingling of the wires was also causing problems. Hence, a need was felt to have the vehicle control system that will eliminate largely the number of connectors and the resultant wiring problem. This need gave birth to the invention of CAN bus technology. Mr. Robert Bosch introduced the CAN bus system for the first time at a SAE congress in 1986 at Detroit. This resulted in the vehicle wiring getting reduced up to 2Kms. Thus, the overall weight of the vehicle was reduced up to 50 Kgs. In a vehicle like BMW 850 coupe Controller Area Network serial bus system, called as CAN bus technology is designed to support multi master access, while handling short messages up to 8 bytes. While this means that collusions get resolved by priority, the system offers high degree of reliability also, by having 15 bit CRC for every message. Since itd introduction at Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), there have been many further innovations in the CAN technology. While Intel developed CAN chip 82526 and Philips also developed semiconductor 82C200 as a CAN controller, there are about 20 chip manufacturers catering to this technology now. CAN technology being purely a data link layer implementation program, it became quite popular for use in various capital equipment like textile machinery, apart from its original use in passenger cars and other transport vehicles. However, this further gave rise to the need of having standards for these layer implementations and data exchange programs. Apart from the above, standardization like EN50325 have enabled application layers now to be used in different kinds of machine controls with the use of components like DeviceNet and CANopen. Both these are addressing different applications. While CANopen is useful for almost

Business Systems assignment. Implementing ERP at RMH and its Essay

Business Systems assignment. Implementing ERP at RMH and its implication - Essay Example This paper will focus on the benefits of ERP to RMH and will explore what are the Critical Success Factors that affect the successful implementation and the approach that RMH needs to follow for ERP transition. RMH’s strategic vision is to provide quality service to all the patients and hence provide patient satisfaction using best processes, skills and attitude of employees. An integrated ERP system is seen as a facilitator of the ultimate patient satisfaction due to the various benefits that it is expected to provide the hospital (Yang & Su, 2009, 722). The most prominent benefit of ERP is that it consolidates all processes, all departments and divisions into a central network (Botta-Genoulaz and Millet, 2006,204-210). This consolidation is manifested in terms of better management and controlling function, better ?nancial ?ows control, information ?ows control, increased IT infrastructure capability; and control of ?ow of goods and services (Saatcioglu, 2008, 690-706). For e xample, better management, better information flow and better control of services is initiated when there is online and accessible information available simultaneously at all relevant points as and when needed by RMH and its related medical centres. The ERP system would enable better data management for both the employees and the patients. A patient’s name and previous medical history including lab reports and past medication details to be read by the doctor even before the patient is seen. The doctor can also enter the prescription details directlty into the system from where the pharmacy can have a direct access (Hawkings, 2007, 30). In RMH, for example, the pharmacy would enter the sales into the system that will update the purchase department, from where the automated system apprises the suppliers who would release Just in Time (JIT) deliveries to the hospital (Yang & Su, 2009, ). Another benefit for RMH is that ERP implementation creates a real-time sharing of informatio n within RMH and with its patients and suppliers (Gupta & Kohli, 2006, 687). All the relevant departments and people get the information in real time and hence are able to act quickly, reducing wastages due to time delays or duplications – the doctors know first hand the case history, the pharmacies are more efficient with prescription filling and the suppliers operate in real time. Similarly, in case of scheduling people and equipment, ERP enables the hopital adminisration to view the availability and need across different departments, offices and facilities and hence make optimum use of resources (Yang and Su, 2009, 722-752). All the benefits that ERP facilitate can be presumed to be leading to better patient relationship mamagement (Forslund, 2010, 44-56). The patients receive accurate and efficient service and hence they are better satisfied (Huang, Huang, Wu & Lin, 2009, 1085-1100). It shows that there is a direct impact on the financial management, operations and admini stration of the hospital. The data is complete, accessible and leads to reduced workload, low inventories better quality decision making all across the hospitals (Gattiker and Goodhue, 2005, 561-587). In the case of RMH, the benefits are expected to extend to its external facilities and London office as well. The time different between the two countries makes the traditional postal mail

Business Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Business Communication - Essay Example Hideaway Pizza was established in 1957 in Stillwaters, Oklahoma near the State University. Dermer Richard and his wife Marti bought the business in order to expand it exploiting the fact that there was so much obsession of pizza. Richards’s idea was that a relaxed and friendly environment provided a great ambience for pizza service and he thought that would definitely excite the employees and consumers. By 1960’s to 1970’s, the restaurant was getting so many clients flocking at the restaurant and a fleet of delivery vans. The restaurant was decorated by colourful and miscellaneous designs of black and white stripes, and flowers (The Staff 2008). Waste management would include steps like composting, hygienic landfill, waste to energy and source recycle and reduction for a cleaner environment. (Brennan 2003). Waste management involves all the activities that take care of ravage i.e. garbage collection, waste recycling, transportation and processing of refuse. Waste management in pizzeria is very important in reducing health hazards, providing clean environment and maintaining the beauty of the place. Waste products of pizza industry include food remains and packaging materials, successful venture like Hilton Hotels have done it. Many different industries have different ways of managing their waste products, the difference ranges from recycling to composting. In most occasions, the management of waste in resident and institution environment is the local government’s duty. On the other hand management of waste in industrial and commercial (e.g. Hilton Hotels) setting is the accountability of the producer. In pizza industry the management of wastes has become the responsibility of pizzeria owners. There are several ways which hideaway can employ to make sure it manages its waste effectively. The most commonly used is the

The case of HSBC bank Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 15000 words

The case of HSBC bank - Dissertation Example ......................................................................4 1. Introduction...............................................................................................................................................5 1.1 Corporate Social Responsibility – An Introduction..................................................................................5 1.2 The Aims ..................................................................................................................................................6 1.3 Objectives.................................................................................................................................................6 1.4 Dissertation Question...............................................................................................................................7 2. ... ...........................................................14 2.6 Stakeholder Theory – Prevalent Definitions...........................................................................................15 2.7 Banking and CSR......................................................................................................................................16 2.8 The UK Banking Sector............................................................................................................................20 2.9 Theoretical Analysis over HSBC...............................................................................................................22 2.10 Moralisation and Ethical Leadership....................................................................................................22 2.11 Sustainability Strategy of HSBC.............................................................................................................26 2.12 Notion of Time Scale................. ............................................................................................................27 3. The Methodology.....................................................................................................................................28 4. Analysis....................................................................................................................................................31 4.1 Case Study -- HSBC BANK........................................................................................................................31 4.2 Ignorance of the â€Å"micro†.........................................................................................................................35 4.3 Analysis of Chairman’s

W 10 Employment Impact-Discussion- environmental Essay

W 10 Employment Impact-Discussion- environmental - Essay Example n that arises is whether environmental conservation will result in net loss or gain or no change in the total number of jobs creation in a given country, Environmental improvement deals with both technological as well as green environment. Therefore, when technological environment improvement, it proportionally lowers the chances of job creation as in; it does replace human manual work to machine era. As a result, this eliminates the possibility of providing a wide spectrum for human job environment. On the contrary, when green environment is improved, it in returns gives rise to jobs in any country. For instance, if high carbon economy is lowered to the low-carbon economy, this will alternatively increase the chances of having more jobs. Evidently, the research done by â€Å"national environmental program† has it that, if green environment is improved it will rise the number of jobs. Statistically,15 to 60n million of jobs will be created if green environment is emphasized, in the near future as says Juan Somavia. In conclusion, basing to the environment improvement (whether technological or green environment) leads to either net gain in a job or net loss. Technological improvement does replace human manual work to machine work hence discouraging net total job gain. On the other hand, green environment improvement encourages net total gain in job creation in any country. To curb it all, I do concur that gain, loss or stagnation of total jobs in a country and the job, is based on the specific environmental

Food Security Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Food Security - Coursework Example The United States does not have the capacity to provide food security to the rest of the world despite having a pool of high expertise, science and technology. Barriers to food security include poor distribution networks, border barriers and poor infrastructure. Issues of food safety coupled with diverse national and international standards across the world also play a key role in inhibiting achievement of food security. It is therefore important to note that globalization may either lead to persisting food insecurity if international organizations such as World Trade Organization fail to intervene on global barriers to food security. According to Department of State, the 2008 crisis does not only illustrate the kind of disruptions the US can experience but also demonstrate the extent of unpreparedness.  The United States does not have the capacity to provide food security to the rest of the world despite having a pool of high expertise, science and technology. Barriers to food sec urity include poor distribution networks, border barriers and poor infrastructure. Issues of food safety coupled with diverse national and international standards across the world also play a key role in inhibiting achievement of food security.   The 2008 crisis does not only illustrate the kind of disruptions the US can experience but also demonstrate the extent of unpreparedness.   Food security for all nations of the world requires long term intervention that focuses on the root causes and the underlying issues of food insecurity.

Online Social Network Bring More Benefits Than Harm for Teens Essay Example for Free

Online Social Network Bring More Benefits Than Harm for Teens Essay Social networking is even used to prove the legitimacy or credibility of the individual. From entertainment, information to career improvement, social networking has practically changed the way people communicate and interact online. But social networks still have to face certain challenges especially on the users’ end since these challenges could harm users and the social network’s reputation. It is important for users of social network to consider these issues that surround the social network. By remembering these challenges, users will be able to protect themselves from negative repercussions on some issues on social network. Privacy as the Main Concern The number one problem users as well as social network administrators face everyday is security. It can happen in any given time with or without the user online. Attacks on different social networking website are always a possibility because the data protected by social networks are too precious to be ignored by attackers. Viruses, spywares and worms that aim to crawl through security protocols of social networks are constantly threatening social networks. Considerable time and resources are always spent by social networks in order to maintain privacy of their users. A single attack could make every user vulnerable to security related problems such as identity theft. Information Access Access to social networking websites varies. Some website will allow any user to access information of persons even though they are not part of the user’s network while some social network prohibit access to any form of information without confirmation from the profile owner. Problems regarding information access could be completely controlled by user but unauthorized access could still happen especially for those who are just starting to understand the rules of different social networks. Updated Notification Every social network provides real time notification usually through email if there are any changes in the user’s profile. But most notifications are very limited and they are usually on the positive things that happened on the social network. For example, when a request to connect is asked, the user will automatically be notified through email or any messaging system the user prefers. But social networks will never inform the user if someone willingly removes their connection. This is done to avoid confrontations between users which significantly affect the relationship. Misuse of Social Networks Unfortunately, there are those who use social network for scams and other illegal purposes. There have been reports around the world that social networks are used to spread rumors, lies or degrading messages that could affect the person’s reputation. â€Å"Cyber bullying† or an act of being hostile to another user online has also been observed in some social networks. This type of actions should never be allowed in any social network. Users have to be careful on the veracity of the data they receive and to take actions as soon as possible as soon as something undesirable is found on social networks. Protection for Children Aside from privacy and misuse of social networks, the vulnerability of minors is also a big problem for all social networks. While some social networks are geared towards adults, most social networks are open to everyone – including minors. Unfortunately, minors on social networks could become targets of sexual predators that can cloak their real identity in different social networks. While some legislators have taken steps in preventing these offenders from using social networks these efforts could be easily curtailed especially when the offender is more than familiar with the internet.

Supervision Notes Essay Example for Free

Supervision Notes Essay A1. A duty of care effectively means that as a carer it is our job to always act in the best interests of those individuals that we provide care for. This not only includes treating them how they like to be treated but also protecting them from harm, even if thats from themselves. As long as you are competent in the roles that you are being asked to perform it is the carers obligation to protect service users and remove them from harmful situations. A2. As a carer you not only have a duty of care to the service user you support, but also other staff, your employers and members of the public. When you act in persons best interests you must do so with that persons consent unless they lack the capacity to understand that it is in their best interest to comply. For example when you support a service user to a doctors appointment and they will not allow the doctor to inspect their injuries, your duty of care to that individual dictates that you act in their best wishes and so may have to go against what the individual wants in order for them to get treatment. You should follow company policies and procedures concerning your duty of care and follow/write up risk assessments for any perceivable risks. You should also ensure that you always act to the best of your ability to be trustworthy, respecting service users dignity, with compassion and integrity to ensure they are safe. A3. The care providing companys duty of care is to both the service users and the staff who work for them. They should ensure your knowledge and skillset are suitable and updated regularly and that you are fully trained and competent at tasks that are expected of you. This would include writing and updating polices and procedures for staff to follow as well as responding to any complaints or reported risks, then taking corrective action to keep everyone safe. The company must keep accurate and up to date records of the care and support that is being provided, including any assessments of a persons capacity and the rationale for decisions taken on their behalf. They should also protect all individuals confidentiality  unless some details directly effect the duty of care over another service user, staff member or the public. Overall the companys duty of care must ensure that they are assisting/enabling you as a carer to complete your duty of care towards your service users and do all that is reasonable to ensure both staff and clients are kept safe at all times. A4. In our role as a carer we have a duty of care to protect service users and ensure all safeguarding issues are raised with our employer or government agency. To ensure effective safeguarding we should raise any health and/or safety concerns we notice at work such as poor working practises, lack of equipment or training and suspicion of abuse or neglect. Even if these complaints are aimed at the company we work for, it is the carers duty to notify the authorities or the carers themselves could be accused of neglect or incompetence by failing to act. If carers take their duty of care seriously, as we all should, by following legislation, the polices and procedures and respecting those we provide care for by protecting them from harm we ensure the service users are safeguarded. Task C Guidance notes C1. Your company should have a Complaints Procedure in place and will often be found within the policies and procedures file. The main purpose of it is to ensure that the complaints procedure is properly and effectively implemented and that service users feel confident knowing their complaints and worries are listened to and acted upon promptly and fairly. This should correspond to meet the minimum standards when processing complaints as outlined in the laws that govern it. When dealing with complaints companys are to ensure that service users and their representatives, carers and visitors are made aware of how to complain and that the company makes it easy for them to register such complaints. A named person is responsible for administration, processing and investigating any complaints received. Once a complaint is lodged it should be acknowledged in writing by the company and state what will happen next. Complaints should be dealt with promptly, fairly and sensitively with due regard to the distress that may be caused to both staff and service users involved. If the company believes that the  complaint is best dealt with and settled at a local, in house level between the complainant and the accused then it may chose to do so. However if either of the parties are not satisfied by this process the case could be referred to the Care Quality Commission. Either way the company must do all it can to fully investigate any complaints and ensure that all preventative and/or disciplinary procedures are followed to prevent it reoccurring. The legal requirement for dealing with complaints include the Health and Social Care Act 2010, Freedom of Information act and National Minimum Standards complaints policy. These standards require care home managers to have clear procedures that enable service users to make their views, concerns and worries known, and to reassure them that appropriate action will be taken. Policies and procedures for dealing with suspicion or evidence of physical, financial, psychological or sexual abuse, neglect, self harm or degrading behaviour should also be put in place. These standards should ensure that every care home has clear and effective complaints procedure, which includes the stage of, and time scales, for the process and detail what will happen to look into and prevent further incidents. Everything should be documented and kept on record for further study to ensure an efficient service and that any potential similar incidents can be prevented. C2. Taking both the legal and organisational requirements into consideration, we must respond openly, calmly and appropriately to any comment or complaint made to us. When a complaint is made to you then you should ensure that the individual making it understands how to follow the correct complaints procedure. This includes explaining how the system works, what they can expect as a result of their complaints and when they hear back from the company. You may need to support individuals completing the process and you should remain objective , professional and act with integrity throughout. You should make no promises to those who complain but reassure them and ensure that all complaints are taken seriously, that it will be investigated properly and that they are kept informed throughout the process. You should also inform your manager as soon as is possible so that any safeguarding issues can be put into place straight away. We should never discourage individuals from making a valid complaint and never discuss any concerns raised with any staff members other  than your manager. Complaints procedures are to be followed because they allow people to express their concerns and ensure that all accidents, claims of abuse and risks are identified and acted upon. Complaints allow the company and staff to ensure they are working safely, that they make necessary improvements and that all service users are happy and safe when accessing care services. It is the service users, staff and family members right to complain when they feel something is not right and its our legal duty to ensure we take their concerns seriously and find a solution.

Electromagnetic Suspension Prototype Design

Electromagnetic Suspension Prototype Design ABSTRACT Electromagnetic suspension works where two or more electromagnets of the same polarity absorb all the bumps. The main problem is making the magnets strong enough when running off a cars electrical system. This work describes techniques for the design analysis of a prototype magnetic suspension system. The viability of future high temperature super conducting magnet designs for MAGLEV has been investigated with regard to their application to active secondary suspension. It has also analysed and compared the functions and performances of the magnetic suspension system with the hydraulic, and air suspension systems. CONCLUSION The design and modelling process of a 1/5-scale flux-cancelling Maglev suspension has been described in this paper. Using approximate techniques, this design can be used to predict the analysis. With comparison to other types of suspension system, electromagnetic suspension system provides totally comfortable ride. Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION As the knees are the important part of the human body because of which he can walk, run, sit and jump properly, the suspension system is a knee of a vehicle, with which the vehicle can give us a comfortable ride. The suspension system connecting a vehicle body to the wheels and its tyres allows the wheels to move in an essentially vertical direction in response to road surface irregularities, a spring temporarily stores energy, thus insulating the vehicle body from acceleration peaks. A shock absorber or damper ensures that oscillations induced by the road unevenness or aerodynamic forces (or by accelerating, braking or lateral forces), which would impair ride comfort and road holding. 1.1 Background: If all is well, the suspension dampers on a vehicle do their work quietly and without fuss. Like punctuating or acting, dampers at their best when they are not noticed. Drivers and passengers simply want the damper to be trouble free. For the designers, however, there is a satisfaction in creating a good, new damper for a racing car or rally car, and perhaps making some contribution to competition success. Less exiting but economically more important, there is also satisfaction in seeing everyday vehicle travelling safety, with comfortable occupants, at speed that could be quite impractical without good dampers. The current worldwide production of dampers is difficult to estimate with accuracy, but it is probably around 50 to 100 million units per year with retail value well in excess of one billion dollars per year. The fitting of damping devices to the vehicle suspensions followed rapidly on the heels of the arrival of the motor car itself. Since those early days, the damper has passed through a century of evaluation, the basic stages of which may be considered as: Dry friction (snubbers) Blow-off hydraulics Progressive hydraulics Adjustable (manual alternation) Adaptives (slow automatic alternation) Semi active (fast automatic alternation) The zeitgeist regarding dampers has changed considerably over the years, in roughly the following periods: Up to 1910, dampers were hardly used at all. In 1913, Rolls Royce actually discontinued rear dampers on a Silver Ghost, illustrating just how different the situation was in the early years. From 1910 to 1925, mostly dry snubbers were used. From 1925 to 1980, there was a long period of dominance by simple hydraulics, initially simply constant force blow-off, then a proportional characteristics, then adjustables, leading to mature product. From 1980 to 1985, there was excitement about the possibilities for the active suspension, which could effectively eliminate the ordinary dampers. From 1985, it became increasingly apparent that good deal benefit of active suspension could be obtain much more cheaply by fast auto-adjusting dampers, and the damper suddenly became an interesting, developing component again. Damper types which are explained fully later can be initially classified in two ways: Dry friction with solid elements. Hydraulic with fluid elements. In 1966 Danby and Powell proposed an EDS system for high-speed transportation using super conducting magnets with a null flux suspension. Other designs were later proposed using continues sheet guide ways. Subsequent researchers in the U.S., Japan, Germany, UK and Canada have developed further innovations (such as ladder type guide way for increased lift efficiency), but there are still a number of technical problems that needed resolution. 1.2 Current Details Of Electromagnetic Suspension (Maglev): There are three primary types of Maglev technologies: superconducting magnets ( electrodynamic suspension) feedback controlled electromagnets ( electromagnetic suspension) Newer potentially more economical system using permanent magnets Inductract. The several approaches and designs have been produced by Japan and Germany. These two countries are very active in maglev research. The design used for trains in which the train levitate by the repulsive force of the same poles of the magnets. A linear motor is used to propel the trainor on the locomotive or both. In this system massive electricalinduction coils produce the magnetic field which are placed along the tracknecessary to propelthe train, leading some to speculate that the cost of constructing such tracks would be enormous. Magnetic bearings are unstable because ofEarnshaws theorem; Conventional maglev systems are stabilized with electromagnets that have electronic stabilization. The electromagnets and electronics tend to be large, power-hungry, and expensive. To levitate the train a very strong magnetic field is required but large electromagnet is also a big issue for the design, so instead of using the large magnets, superconductor for an efficient electromagnet. Inductrack is a new and less expensive system. The system depends on the current induced in the passive electromagnetic array by permanent magnets, so that it provides the better load carrying capacity related to the speed. In the prototype, thepermanent magnetsare in a cart; horizontally to provide lift, and vertically to provide stability. The array of wire loops is in the track. The magnets and cart are unpowered, except for the speed of the cart. Inductrack was originally developed as a magnetic motor and bearing for a flywheel to store power. With only slight design changes, the bearings were unrolled into a linear track. Inductrack was developed by physicist William Post atLawrence Livermore National Laboratory. For stabilization Inductrack uses Halbach arrays. The function of the Halbach arrays is to stabilize the loops of wires with the help of permanent magnets without electronic stabilization. Halbach arrays were originally developed for beam guidance ofparticle accelerators. Currently, some space agencies, such as NASA, are researching the use of maglev systems to launchspacecraft. In order to do so, the space agency would have to get a maglev-launched spacecraft up toescape velocity, a task which would otherwise require elaborate timing of magnetic pulses or a very fast, very powerfulelectric current. 1.3 Aims and Objectives: Aim: To design and analyse a prototype Magnetic Suspension System. Objectives: Literature Review Research the principles of the various types of suspension systems and analysing their functions and performances. Investigate the application of the magnetic suspension system. Design a prototype Magnetic Suspension System. Analyse the designed Magnetic Suspension System. Compare with the other type of Suspension Systems. Conclusion. Chapter 2 Literature Review 2.1 Principle: The basic principle is to develop a contact less spring; the instability will be corrected with electromagnetic actuators. Electromagnetic suspension works where two or more electromagnets of the same polarity absorb all the bumps. The main problem is making the magnets strong enough when running off a cars electrical system. Electrodynamics magnetic suspension called EDS maglev and referred to as repulsive Maglev because it relies on repulsive magnetic Forces, has the capability of allowing high speed transportation with a relatively large gap between the vehicle and guide way . 2.2 Basic Concept: Have a set of shock with magnet inside them that are used as the fork setup. There is one magnet at the top of the inner portion of the cylindrical shock sleeve with the north polarity facing down towards the ground. The second magnet sits on the top of the inner shock that pivots up and down. This magnet has the north polarity upwards so its parallel with the other magnet. The two magnet fights against each other giving the forks travel. There is also an adjustment at the top of the shock, which allow the magnet to become closer .together for a stiffer travel or further apart for softer travel. 2.3 Dynamics of the magnetic suspension system: The basic principle of a simple electromagnetic suspension system is shown in Fig.1. The magnetic force applied by the electromagnet is opposite to gravity and maintains the suspended steel ball in a levitated position. The magnetic force Fm depends on the electromagnet current I, electromagnet characteristics, and the air gap X between the steel ball and the electromagnet. The motion of the steel ball in the magnetic field is expressed as Where m is the mass of the suspended steel ball, G = mg is the gravity force, and X is the air gap between the steel ball and the electromagnet. The magnetic force Fm is a nonlinear function of the current I and the air gap X. The linearization of the static characteristic near the set point (F0 , X0 ,I0) is given as The voltage equation of the electromagnetic coil is expressed as Where U is the controlled voltage applied to the electromagnet, R is the coil resistance, and L is the inductance of the electromagnet. Inductance L=f (X, t) is a function of the air gap, the coil, the core, and the steel ball. The steady state of the operating point air gap between the mass and the electromagnet is maintained by generating the magnetic force which is adjusted so that the gravitational force of the steel ball is balanced. The small differences from the operating point are normalized over operating spaces (G, D, Imax , Umax) and they are defined as follows: Where f is the normalized resultant force, x is the normalized air gap, i is the ormalized current, and u is the normalized voltage. X0 , I0 , and U0, are the steady-state values. Substituting Eq. 4 into Eqs. 1, 2, and 3 the dynamics of the system can be presented as follows: The block diagram of the linearized model of the electromagnetic suspension system is shown in Fig. 2. The linear system described in the block diagram in Fig. 2 is unstable and controllable. 2.4THEORY OF VIBRATION: Any motion that repeats itself after an interval of time is called vibration or oscillation. The swinging of a pendulum and the motion of a plucked string are typical examples of vibration. The theory of vibration deals with the study of oscillatory motions of bodies and the forces associated with them. Free vibration without damping Simple Mass Spring Model To start the investigation of the mass-spring-damper we will assume the damping is negligible and that there is no external force applied to the mass (i.e. free vibration). The force applied to the mass by the spring is proportional to the amount the spring is stretched x (we will assume the spring is already compressed due to the weight of the mass). The proportionality constant, k, is the stiffness of the spring and has units of force/distance (e.g. lbf/in or N/m) The force generated by the mass is proportional to the acceleration of the mass as given byNewtons second law of motion. If we assume that we start the system to vibrate by stretching the spring by the distance ofAand letting go, the solution to the above equation that describes the motion of mass is: This solution says that it will oscillate withsimple harmonic motionthat has an amplitudeofAand a frequency offn.The numberfnis one of the most important quantities in vibration analysis and is called theundamped natural frequency. For the simple mass-spring system,fnis defined as: Note:Angular frequency?(? = 2pf) with the units of radians per second is often used in equations because it simplifies the equations, but is normally converted to standard frequency (units ofHzor equivalently cycles per second) when stating the frequency of a system. If you know the mass and stiffness of the system you can determine the frequency at which the system will vibrate once it is set in motion by an initial disturbance using the above stated formula. Every vibrating system has one or more natural frequencies that it will vibrate at once it is disturbed. This simple relation can be used to understand in general what will happen to a more complex system once we add mass or stiffness. For example, the above formula explains why when a car or truck is fully loaded the suspension will feel softer than unloaded because the mass has increased and therefore reduced the natural frequency of the system. What causes the system to vibrate: from conservation of energy point of view Vibrational motion could be understood in terms ofconservation of energy. In the above example we have extended the spring by a value ofxand therefore have stored somepotential energy(12kx2) in the spring. Once we let go of the spring, the spring tries to return to its un-stretched state (which is the minimum potential energy state) and in the process accelerates the mass. At the point where the spring has reached its un-stretched state all the potential energy that we supplied by stretching it has been transformed intokinetic energy(12mv2).The mass then begins to decelerate because it is now compressing the spring and in the process transferring the kinetic energy back to its potential. Thus oscillation of the spring amounts to the transferring back and forth of the kinetic energy into potential energy. In our simple model the mass will continue to oscillate forever at the same magnitude, but in a real system there is always something calleddampingthat dissipates the energy and therefore the system eventually bringing it to rest. The solution to this equation depends on the amount of damping. If the damping is small enough the system will still vibrate, but eventually, over time, will stop vibrating. This case is called underdamping this case is of most interest in vibration analysis. If we increase the damping just to the point where the system no longer oscillates we reach the point ofcritical damping(if the damping is increased past critical damping the system is called overdamped). The value that the damping coefficient needs to reach for critical damping in the mass spring damper model is: To characterize the amount of damping in a system a ratio called thedamping ratio(also known as damping factor and% critical damping) is used. This damping ratio is just a ratio of the actual damping over the amount of damping required to reach critical damping. The formula for the damping ratio (?) of the mass spring damper model is: For example, metal structures (e.g. airplane fuselage, engine crankshaft) will have damping factors less than 0.05 while automotive suspensions in the range of 0.2-0.3. The solution to the underdamped system for the mass spring damper model is the following: The value ofX, the initial magnitude, andf,thephase shift, are determined by the amount the spring is stretched. The formulas for these values can be found in the references. 2.5 HALBACH ARRAYS Another way of stabilizing the repulsive effect is to use fields that move in space, rather than just time. This effect can be demonstrated with a rotating conductive disc and a permanent magnet, which will repel each other. HALBACH CYLINDERS are well-suited to magnetic levitation of gyroscope, motor and generator spindles. They use only permanent magnets and unpowered conductors to provide levitation. The energy of suspension comes entirely from rotational motion, efficiency is good, and no extremely low temperature suspension magnets or electronics are required. The only restriction is that the linear speed at the bearing race must be above a meter per second to levitate. This is also the principle of the inductract maglev train system, which avoids the problems inherent in actively supported systems. Halbach Cylinder: A Halbach cylinder is a magnetized cylinder composed of ferromagnetic material producing (in the idealised case)a magnetic field confined entirely within the cylinder with zero field outside. The cylinders can also be magnetized such that the magnetic field is entirely outside the cylinder, with zero field inside. Several magnetization distributions are shown below: Ideally, these structures would be created from an infinite length cylinder of magnetic material with the direction of magnetization continuously varying. The magnetic flux produced by this ideal design would be perfectly uniform and be entirely confined to the bore of the cylinder. Of course, the ideal case of infinite length is not realisable and in practice the finite length of the cylinders producesend effectswhich introduce non-uniformities in the field within the bore. The difficulty of manufacturing a cylinder with a continuously varying magnetization also usually leads to the design being broken into segments. These cylindrical structures are used in devices such as brushless AC motors, magnetic couplings and high field cylinders. Both brushless motors and coupling devices use multipole field arrangements: Brushless motors typically use cylindrical designs in which all the flux is confined to the centre of the bore (such ask = 4above, a six pole rotor) with the AC coils also contained within the bore. Such self-shielding motors designs are more efficient and produce higher torque than conventional motor designs. Magnetic coupling devices transmit torque through magnetically transparent barriers (that is the barrier is non-magnetic or is magnetic but is not affected by an applied magnetic field), for instance between sealed containers or pressurised vessels. The optimal torque couplings consists of a pair of coaxially nested cylinders with opposite +kand -kflux magnetization patterns, as -k magnetization patterns produce fields entirely external to the cylinder. In the lowest energy state, the outer flux of the inner cylinder exactly matches the internal flux of the outer cylinder. Rotating one cylinder relative to the other from these state results in a restoring torque. where the inner and outer cylinder radii areRoandRi, respectively.His in theydirection. This is the simplest form of the Halbach cylinder, and it can be seen that if the ratio of outer to inner radii is greater thanethe flux inside the bore actually exceeds theremanenceof the magnetic material used to create the cylinder. This cylindrical design is only one class of design which produces a uniform field inside a cavity within an array of permanent magnets. Other classes of design include wedge designs, proposed by Abele and Jensen in which wedges of magnetized material are arranged to provide uniform field within cavities inside the design as shown below. Three designs producing uniform magnetic fields within their central air gap The direction of magnetization of the wedges in (A) can be calculated using a set of rules given by Abele, and allows for great freedom in the shape of the cavity. Another class of design is the magnetic mangle (B), proposed by Coey and Cugat, in which uniformly magnetized rods are arranged such that their magnetization matches that of a Halbach cylinder, as shown for a six rod design. This design greatly increases access to the region of uniform field, at the expense of the volume of uniform field being smaller than in the cylindrical designs (although this area can be made larger by increasing the number of component rods). Rotating the rods relative to each other results in many possibilities including a dynamically variable field and various dipolar configurations. It can be seen that the designs shown in A and B are closely related to thek = 2Halbach cylinder. Other very simple designs for a uniform field include separated magnets with soft iron return paths, as shown in figure (C). High Uniform Field Designs: If the two dimensional magnetic distribution pattern of the Halbach cylinder is extended to three dimensions, the result is the Halbach sphere. These design have extremely uniform field within the interior of design, as they are not affected by the end effects prevalent in finite length cylinder design. The magnitude of the uniform field for a sphere also increases to 4/3 the amount for the ideal cylinder design with the same inner and outer radii. However, being spherical access to the region of uniform field is usually restricted to a narrow hole at the top and bottom of the design. Higher fields are possible by optimising the spherical design to take account of the fact that it is composed of point dipoles (and not line dipoles). This results in the stretching of the sphere to an elliptical shape and having a non-uniform distribution of magnetization over the component parts of the sphere. Using this method, as well as soft pole pieces within the design, 4.5 T in a working volume of 20mm3was achieved by Blochet al.in 1998 and this was increased further to 5 T in 2000, although over a smaller working area of 0.05mm3. As hard materials are temperature dependent, refrigeration of the entire magnet array can increase the field within the working area further as shown by Kumadaet al.This group also reported development of a 5.16 T Halbach dipole cylinder in 2003. Chapter 3 MAGNETIC MATERIALS Magnets are attracted to, or repelled by, other materials. A material that is strongly attracted to a magnet is said to have permeability. Iron and steel are two examples of materials with very high permeability, and they are strongly attracted to magnets. Liquid oxygen is an example of something with a low permeability that it is actually slightly repelled by magnetic fields. Everything has a measurable permeability like people, gases and even the vacuum of outer space. The SI unit of magnetic field strength is the tesla, and SI unit of total magnetic flux is the Weber. 1 Weber = 1 tesla following through 1 square meter, and is a very large amount of magnetic flux. Material can be classified according to their permittivity and conductivity. Materials with a large amount of loss inhibit the propagation of electromagnetic waves. In this case, generally whens/(?e)>> 1, we consider the material to be a good conductor. Dielectrics are associated with lossless or low-loss materials, wheres/(?e) 3.4 Measurement: The dielectric constant of material can be found by a variety of static electrical measurement. The complex permittivity is evaluated over a wide range of frequencies by using different variants of dielectric spectroscopy, covering 21 orders of magnitude from 10-6to 1015Hz. Also, by usingcryostatsand ovens, the dielectric properties of a medium can be characterized over an array of temperatures. In order to study systems for such diverse exciting fields, a number of measurement setups are used, each adequate for a special frequency range. Low-frequencytime domainmeasurements (10-6-103Hz) Low-frequencyfrequency domainmeasurements (10-5-106Hz) Reflective coaxial methods (106-1010Hz) Transmission coaxial method (108-1011Hz) Quasi-optical methods (109-1010Hz) Fourier-transform methods (1011-1015Hz) 3.5 Magnet used for Inductrack Inductrack is a completely passive, fail-safe magnetic levitation system, using only unpowered loops of wires in the track and permanent magnets (arranged into Halbach Arrays) on the vehicle to achieve magnetic levitation. The track can be in one of two configurations, a ladder track and a laminated track. The ladder track is made of unpowered Litz-wire cables, and the laminated track is made out of stacked copper or aluminium sheets. Description: Inductrack was invented by a team of scientists at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, headed by physicist Richard F. Post, for use in maglev trains. The only power required is to push the train forward against air and electromagnetic drag, with increasing levitation force generated as the velocity of the train increases over the loops of wire. Its name comes from the wordinductanceorinductor; an electrical device made from loops of wire. As the magnet array (with alternating magnetic field orientations) passes over the loops of wire, it induces a current in them. The current creates its own magnetic field which repels the permanent magnets. Whenneodymium-iron-boron permanent magnetsare used, levitation is achieved at low speeds, allowing it to lift 50 times the magnet weight. The test model levitated at speeds above 22 mph, but Richard Post believes that on real tracks, levitation could be achieved at as little as 1 to 2 mph. Below the transition speed, the magnetic drag increases as the vehicles speed increases and approaches the transition speed, but above this transition speed, the magnetic drag decreases as the vehicles speed increases. The Inductrack II variation uses two Halbach arrays, one above and one below the track to double the levitating magnetic field without substantially increasing the weight or footprint area of the Halbach arrays, while having lower drag forces at low speeds. Several maglev railroad proposals are based upon Inductrack technology. The U.S.National Aeronautics and Space Administration(NASA) is also considering Inductrack technology for launching rockets. Stationary cars: For use at embarkation/ debarkation areas, an implementation using a moving track would continue levitating the car while stationary. With a loop construction similar to a flat escalator by stationary track there would be no moving parts friction. Also, the elimination of the need for wheels during starting/ stopping of the cars simplify car construction and maintenance. Neodymium magnet: A neodymium magnet or NIB magnet (also, but less specifically, called a rare earth magnet) is a powerful magnet made of a combination of a combination of neodymium, iron and boron -Nd2Fe14B. Neodymium magnet on a bracket from a hard drive They have replaced marginally weaker and significantly more heat-resistant samarium-cobalt magnets in most applications, due mainly to their lower cost. These magnets are very strong in comparison to their mass, but are also mechanically fragile and the most powerful grades lose their magnetism at temperatures above 176 degrees fahrenheit or 80 degrees Celsius. High-temperature grades will operate at up to 200 and even 230 C but their strength is only marginally greater than that of samarium-cobalt. Neodymium magnets (or neo as they are known in the industry) are graded in strength from N24 to the strongest N54. The number after the N represents the magnetic energy product, in mega gauss-oersteds (MGOe) (1 MGOe = 7,958 TA/m = 7,958 J/m). N48 has a remnant static magnetic field of 1.38 teslas and an H (magnetic field intensity) of 13,000 oersteds (1.0 MA/m). By volume one requires about 18 times as much ceramic magnet material for the equivalent magnet strength. The neodymium magnet i ndustry is continually working to push the maximum energy product (strength) closer to the theoretical maximum of 64 MGOe. Scientists are also working hard to improve the maximum operating temperature for any given strength. A neodymium magnet lifting 1300 times its own mass Used for stabilization and angular head motors in computer hard drives, neodymium magnets are also popular with hobbyists, and a small magnet can have amazing properties it exhibits magnetic braking when moved near a non-magnetic metal due to induced eddy currents. An excellent demonstration for students to see the effects of Lenzs Law in non-ferrous metals may be performed by dropping a strong neodymium magnet through a copper pipe. The magnet will travel through the pipe remarkably slowly as it falls, the effect may be greatly enhanced by immersing the pipe in liquid nitrogen (thus increasing its conductivity even further) prior to dropping the magnet through. A somewhat larger magnet interacts strongly enough with the magnetic field of the Earth to allow its tendency to align with that field to be perceived directly when holding it, essentially forming a compass. Cylinder- and disc-shaped neodymium magnets are especially responsive to the Earths magnetic fields. Neodymium magnets are used for the transducers in many headphones. Chapter 4 MAGLEV DESIGN 4.1 Electromagnetic Suspension System: (Concept) The design of the electromagnetic suspension system can be done with two types: 1) By using a Hydraulic Damper or 2) By using Linear Motor as a Damper. The concept is to design the magnetic suspension system on the front shock absorber of the motor bike to have a better performance with ease of handling and comfort ride. There are two cylinders installed on two separate arms of the front shock absorbing rods. The cylinder contains the pair of the cylindrical magnets having same pole facing each other to create the required repulsive force to have required levitation effect. The two cylindrical magnets having S (South Pole) on the outer surface concentric with the inner circle having N (North Pole) as shown in following figure:- 1) Working for the Hydraulic Damper: The two disc magnets in a tube or two ring magnets on a shaft, as seen in above figure comprise our required magnet for a motor bike front suspension system. With unlike poles facing, the magnets repel each other generate an air gap between them. The repulsive force restores displacement towards each other, and displacement away is restored by gravity. A hydraulic damper is fixed on the top of the cylinder and connected with the upper magnet with a shaft. The set of shocks used with magnets inside them that are used as the fork setup. One magnet is at the top of the inner portion of the shock with north polarity facing down towards the ground. The second magnet sits on the top of the inner shock that pivots up and down. This magnet has the north polarity upwards so it is parallel with the other magnet. The two magnets fight against each other giving the forks travel. There is also an adjustment at the top of the shock, which allows the magnets to become closer, together for a stiffe r travel or further apart for softer travel. The force from gravity, the force from repelling magnet the radial instability is restrained by shaft. If the shaft is removed from the simple spring, it will be unstable naturally. The magnet will tend towards vertical motion, resulting in instabi

Change Essay -- essays research papers

Change is something that is constantly occurring in our lives. Not a single moment goes by when everything in our lives will remain consistent. Indeed, it has become apparent to us that the only thing which in fact survives change, is change itself. Time and experience allows change to eventually reform and alter everything from the way it originally was. From ourselves physically, to those around us emotionally, to the way in which we perceive the entirety of the world everything it eventually changes. Most of the time we are not even explicitly aware of such changes occurring, but none-the-less they are indeed occurring. Change is a natural process that cannot be easily stopped or controlled. When we think of the things we valued at the age of, five, ten and even fifteen, the constant abundance of change in our lives become apparent. However, it is due to the unpredictability that change promotes in our life, that has made many perceive the ideology of change to be something which should be viewed as a negative in our lives today. However, we should passionately revolt against this notion. It is change which has bought about some of the greatest events in history. Had their not have been change in our past, there would never have been an industrial revolution and we would not be able to live in the liberalist country in which we do today, where we can voice our opinions without being under threat of persecution. This embracement of change which we sh... Change Essay -- essays research papers Change is something that is constantly occurring in our lives. Not a single moment goes by when everything in our lives will remain consistent. Indeed, it has become apparent to us that the only thing which in fact survives change, is change itself. Time and experience allows change to eventually reform and alter everything from the way it originally was. From ourselves physically, to those around us emotionally, to the way in which we perceive the entirety of the world everything it eventually changes. Most of the time we are not even explicitly aware of such changes occurring, but none-the-less they are indeed occurring. Change is a natural process that cannot be easily stopped or controlled. When we think of the things we valued at the age of, five, ten and even fifteen, the constant abundance of change in our lives become apparent. However, it is due to the unpredictability that change promotes in our life, that has made many perceive the ideology of change to be something which should be viewed as a negative in our lives today. However, we should passionately revolt against this notion. It is change which has bought about some of the greatest events in history. Had their not have been change in our past, there would never have been an industrial revolution and we would not be able to live in the liberalist country in which we do today, where we can voice our opinions without being under threat of persecution. This embracement of change which we sh...

Essay --

Danielle C. Dillon Europe in the Middle Ages Fall 2013 Final Exam Many things effected society in Medieval Europe, some having a more profound effect than others. Europe in the Middles ages was a time of learning and of cultural growth, but it was also a time of more serious things such as the Black Death. The way Europe coped with these unforeseen challenges, helped shape their society and culture, and we still learn about them today. The Black Death was of significance in Europe, but what exactly was it? The Black Death, also known as the Bubonic Plague was a wide spread infection in Medieval Europe that wiped out one third of the entire population during this time period. This plague affected the Lymph Nodes, where the bacteria found a suitable place to reproduce. How was the black plague spread you may ask? This is where some of the advances made in Europe during the Middle Ages, backfired and actually had a negative effect. It is widely known that the Black Plague was transmitted through rats, but it finds in origins in Asia. Thus the fleas found on these rats, must have come to Europe somehow, for this we look at trade routes. It was very common for markets and fairs to open up with imported goods in Europe, some of these goods coming from Asia, thus traveling salesmen and their merchandise are largely responsible for the transmission of the disease. Another reason this disease was so deadly was the lack of medicine, and knowledge of science. Though there was knowledge of science and medicine in the time, it does not compare to what we know now, including the knowledge of incubation periods. We know now because of modern medicine, that diseases can be transmitted before symptoms show, this was not known in M... ...olarly endeavors, rather than strictly practical ones. Humanists also believed that the entirety of society should be well versed and able to speak articulately. The focus also changed during this time period to the â€Å"here and now† rather than the afterlife. The worth of individuals began to become more important, rather than just their worth in relation to society as a whole. Renaissance Humanism was the first time in history that people began to question authority and the teachings they had learned, it was the first time in history that individual expression was commonly accepted. Medieval Europe was a time of great tragedy (The Black Death) but it was also a time of great advancements in learning and culture. Perhaps one day thousands of years from now, people will read of our advancements and note their profound impact, as we do with Europe in the Middle Ages.

Differences between in India and China about Buddhism

The term Buddha is derived from the root word â€Å"vbudh† which means â€Å"to awaken or to be enlightened†; it is from ancient Indian languages â€Å"Pali† and â€Å"Sanskrit† which means â€Å"one who has become awake†. It denotes a person which have been many instances in the course of vast time, not just a person or a teacher who lived in a particular era. It is also a person who has truly awakened the true nature of existence. And based on the teachings of Siddharta Gautama (6th century BCE), Buddhism is both a religion and philosophy. Buddhist practices aims to â€Å"become free from suffering†, egolessness, and achieve enlightenment and Nirvana (paradise).Buddhist moralities follow the principles of harmlessness and moderation. Siddharta Gautama is a prince in the kingdom of Magadha (Nepal) who abandoned his rank, privileges, and even his wife and child; in search for an answer of the true existence in life. He is someone who did not claim any divine status or heroic symbol for himself. He also did not claim himself a personal savior inspired by Gods but rather, a teacher who guides those who chose to listen. Siddharta found difficulties in his life, dissatisfying himself with his needs, and while abandoning hi life to become an austere.According to Buddhist writings, Siddahrta was first enlightened during the time of his meditation. After doing continuous mediation, he performed his first sermon, which would be important in understanding the ideas held by Buddhism. The first message of Siddharta was sketched in The Four Noble Truths—1) pain, suffering, frustration and anxiety are negative that are given and that human could not escape, as it is part of the human life; 2) that suffering and anxiety are human caused choice; 3) that people is able to understand this weaknesses and; ) triumph is achievable by having a code of conduct.Buddhism originated in India, and gradually spread throughout Central Asia, Southeast Asia, and East Asian countries including Japan, Korea, Mongolia and China. Up to these days, there are schools and practitioners from different part of the globe that still spread the word of Buddhism and teaches their followers to always perform good and wholesome actions and to avoid harm to others. For them, that this is the true meaning of enlightenment and existence. As Buddhism in India grow in large number, many people readily converted from Hinduism to Buddhism to achieve â€Å"enlightenment†.For them, being one follower of Buddha is easier because it does not require any traditions or set of Gods. Buddhist shrines were built but after a few centuries, Islam destroyed it. A great impact to Buddhism happened in India when Dalit (untouchable caste) leader converted from Hinduism to Buddhism which led hundreds of thousands away from Hinduism. After a millennium of Buddha’s death, Chinese adapted Buddhism to suit their old traditions of Taoism and Confuc ianism. But, as a way of Buddhism practices and beliefs, there are some differences between Buddhism in China and India.First one is that Chinese do believe in souls while Indians don’t. Second is that, Indians are disgusted with the dead, while Chinese praised and worship the dead and images of loved ones. But, whatever their differences are, according to Buddhism, no religion is â€Å"wrong†, any person of other religion can also be termed Buddhist, because all will lead to â€Å"enlightenment†. No rules are set to which God to worship, or what to do to achieve enlightenment. Both Chinese and Indians appreciate and follow the writings of Buddha, and adhere with his state of mind. The transformation of BuddhismBuddhism plays a very significant role in the history of Asia. It caused changes in some other realms of cultural identity. Soon after, Buddhism was already starting to transformations in the Indian lifestyle. Though Buddhism is worldwidely known, it also encountered criticisms form its skeptics. If analyzed, it could be realized that Buddhism is not just as a religion, but it is also a phenomenon on different aspects like social and cultural. During those times, the most promising aspect of Buddhism is cosmology that was widely used in the ancient Indian.This includes the beliefs of karma as the one that dictates one’s next life and samsara as the transmigration if souls by means of birth and rebirth. Cosmology has become a significant concept that affected art, social life and different challenges in the social life. It can be concluded that the almost everything in Buddhism, its roots, origin of popularity first existed in India. One of its most significant motivations is its indiscriminate ideology for male and female, educated and illiterate, etc.Buddhism also put high regards in a path when he concluded that there is no wrong or harm in praising and honoring gods, or even practicing rituals as long as they keep the obje ctive of enlightenment in mind. At this point, Buddhism has become safe while instilling that people does not have to throw their religious practices in order to follow the Eightfold Path. After Buddha’s death, followers continued to practice and send the message orally, and was only first written during the first century of C. E. Several changes occurred in the practices of monks.From eating one meal a day for about eight months, then shifted in introducing the Buddhist monasteries. Buddhism has also a great impact in the India’s politics in ancient times. King Ashoka, after deaths caused by battles, became a strong follower of Buddhism. He banned on animal sacrifices, sent missionaries in different known and popular countries. This has became the origin of art and architecture as a way of depicting Buddha in the human form. Another transformation of Buddhism is the development of sects, which are the Mahayana and Theravada.Mahayana is called â€Å"Great Vehicle† which is now exercise in China. Theravada was the first school of Buddhism, where it was formally taught. Undoubtedly, Buddhism spread to all different parts of Asia- first from India then after is China. Buddhism was firs received in China as a religion of merchants because of the environment of their primary contact with it then later became of more importance when missionaries started to came. Buddhism began to spread widely after the fall of Han’s Dynasty.Just like in India, Buddhism was viewed in China like something that could offer everything to everyone, like a sense of peace and unity, which enable it to be followed by a wide range of people For the rulers and powerful, Buddhism presented them an extraordinary power. Also, like in India, Buddhism introduced equality in the treatment of women, and opposing parties. By this time, there was huge increased in the number of temples, followers, changes in arts such as sculptures and architectures. The effect of Buddhism in the Chinese arts was obvious enough to change the culture of Chinese.This can be notably seen in arts with the execution in the arts that emphasized the concepts of meditations, empty space, etc. The ideology of Buddhism has greatly affected the Indian and Chinese culture, as well in the different countries worldwide. Its fairness and almost perfect ideology has become its power in creating a large span of followers. Buddhism achieved a degree of goodness in spreading its concepts like the fairness or the equality of nature. China and India were successful enough in fostering the improvement and growth of a revolutionary idea.

Discussing The Theoretical Perspective Of Socialization

Socialization has different perspectives for viewing the social world. Perspective is how the world is looked at and theory consists of principles or propositions that are interrelated and give explanation or an answer to a phenomenon. Sociological theories explain about the social world where we live in. theoretical perspective of socialization explain the causes and possible solutions to social problems. Structural-functionalist perspective Society is considered as a system of parts that are interconnected and work to maintain state of social equilibrium and balance for everybody.For example, every social institution have an important function to the society, a family participates in reproducing, socializing children and nurturing them. Education provides knowledge, skills and shared beliefs to the youths. Politics governs the society and economics helps in production and consumption of goods. (Bacal, 1985 pp20-27). Structural-functionalist lay emphasis on interconnectedness of eve ry society by looking at how different parts influence and are influenced by others.For example, number of children who do not perform well in school has increased due to the increase in number of single parents and families who are dual earners because; parents are not available to supervise their children as they do their homework. Change in technology has resulted to colleges offering technical programs where many adults go to learn new skills required in their place of work. When number of women increase in the work place, there are policies formed against discrimination in jobs and sexual harassment.There is use of functional and dysfunctional in describing effects social elements have on the society. Functional elements make contribution to social stability and it is dysfunctional if there is disruption to social stability. Society may have aspects that are functional and dysfunctional. For example, crime is considered as dysfunctional because of being involved with fear and p hysical violence but Durkheim consider it as functional because of creating heightened awareness of moral bonds that are shared and social cohesion.According to social pathology, when there is sickness in the society, social problems arises just the way body of human being become ill when systems and organs are not functioning normally. When the structure and culture of society do not perform properly, society becomes ill. For example, crime, poverty and violence break families and leads to decline in religious institutions. (Baker, 1995 pp19-23). According to social disorganization, society norms are disrupted by rapid social change.When norms conflict or become weak, society becomes anomie and people may engage in drug abuse, rape and deviant behavior because of the weak and conflicting norms that regards their behavior. The pace of social change should be slowed down and strengthen social norms to solve the social problem. For example, when teenage use alcohol it violates social norm in society. The media show young people taking alcohol which make teenagers buy it using identification cards that are fake and parents make their children drink alcohol by drinking after work.Norms should be strengthened against taking alcohol through public education. (Storer, 1977 pp30-38). Conflict perspective The society is made up of different groups which have interests that compete to get power and resources. Conflict perspective looks at the group with power and is able to benefit from social arrangement. According to Karl Marx, in a society, there are stages involved in economic development. Societies change from being agricultural to industrial and become more concerned in making profit rather than meeting their basic needs.Industrialization results to people who own factories and businesses and workers who earn salaries and wages. People who have their own means of production benefit from division of society into classes of people. Employees who earn subsistence wag es do not have access to resources that wealthy owners have. Marx theory deals with social conflict due to economic inequalities and non-Marxist theory is about social conflict from competing values in social groups. In Marxists, inequalities that are inherent in capitalist system may cause social problems.A system where some people have and others do not have may benefit those who have and translate to poverty for people who do not have. Physical health and low achievement in education and crime are caused by poverty. Marxist theory of conflict focuses on alienation and powerlessness in lives of people. Societies that are industrialized have workers with little power and control of their jobs and are powerless in their lives. Specialized work requires repetitive tasks to be performed which make employees feel their lives to be meaningless because they perform tasks that are very limited.Alienation occurs in workplace and classroom where students do not have power if they find a cur riculum with no meaning. Alienation leads to low achievements in education, suicide and violence. (Basch, 1999 pp35-39). According to non-Marxist, when there are opposing interests in groups, conflict may arise. For example, activists of antiabortion emphasize on life of unborn embryos while pro-choice activists emphasize on women having the right to control their body and make reproductive decisions.This shows different interpretations of what make a social problem. Availability of abortion is social problem to antiabortionists while restriction of abortion is a social problem to pro-choice advocates. In order to solve problems brought about by competing values. Conflicting groups must understand the views of each other and get solution to their differences through mediation. The solution should satisfy both groups and should be win-win. Power influences outcome of conflicts where the group with most power influences the outcome.For example, when the congress could not increase the age of legal drinking to twenty one voluntarily in all states, it threatened to remove all the funds for federal highway from people who refused to comply. Symbolic interactions perspective Symbolic interactions talks about how definitions and meanings from interacting with others influence human behavior. Meaning and consequences of social behavior is important and human being should define the situation instead of the objectives of the situation because consequences of the situations are the ones that make the situations become real.Social interaction shapes our identity and self concept is developed by observing interaction of other people and how people view us. (Coburn, 1998 pp22-26). Perspective of symbolic interaction has implication on research conducted by scientists. To understand behavior of individual or group, social scientists looks at world from eyes of the individual or group. They understand how other people view reality and subjective aspects of experiences they h ave gone through which includes beliefs, symbols and attitudes. For a condition to become a social problem, it must be defined as a social problem.There are different stages of development of a social problem. It begins with societal recognition where social problem is born such us drunk driving. The next is social legitimating where larger community recognizes social problem which include schools and media. The other stage is mobilization for action when groups and individuals try to respond to social condition which results to development of a plan to deal with problem for example having checkpoints in highway to check drivers who drive while drunk. Explaining the role of social psychologistsSocial psychologists predict behavior and explain it. They give explanation of behavior in terms of its social forms. The components of behavior are thought, feeling which is emotional and action that are observed. The study of social psychologists deals with how people think about others and social emotions of loving each other and getting attracted to each other and being social through aggression and helping other people. Social psychologists at group level explain behavior in terms of social and biological groups where people belong and processes that are used to mould these groups.Biological groups include sexes and species and social groups are religious, ethnic and cultural groups. They classify families as social and biological group and process of cultural and biological evolution and changes in social groups. The current social situation is taken to be the cause of behavior. Individuals have hypothetical factors inferred from their behavior such as attitudes, personality traits and consciousness. Social psychologists have experiments that raise questions about measurements and ethics in researching about social psychology.Empirical data and theories organize data and predict behavior of people. Good theories have predictive utility and data can support or disap prove data and bring about interesting research. (Dewald, 1987 pp30-34). Social psychologists studies the formation of attitudes, how attitude is structured, changes in attitude, how attitudes function and how attitude is related to behavior. This is because, situations influence people and general attitudes can not predict behavior.Due to various reasons, environment may be valued by a person on a particular day and attitudes are always remembered and are at the center of our self concept since they result to behavior and general attitudes predict behavior over a given period of time. Social psychologists study how people remember, perceive and think about information of others. They assume that in social recognition, reality is complex and easy to discern and world is seen as image of reality. They study attitudes involved in every discipline which includes social perception.Attitudes are learned and they influence how a person thinks and takes action where there is expression of approval or disapproval of what is liked or disliked. (Merton, 1973 pp17-23). Social psychologists deals with phenomenon which is self related. They lay emphasis on cognitions. Self concept is where a person understands himself and is a cognitive component called self-schema and evaluative component called self-esteem. The center for human motivation is self-esteem and self efficacy is where an individual expects that the task performed will be effective.Social psychologists ensure that people are able to develop self concepts through getting feedback from others and social comparison. Social psychologists studies group related phenomena and behavior people in a crowd. They study reduced self awareness caused by dangerous behavior which occurs in mobs due to dark environment or disguise. When people work as a group, productivity and performance can be affected because people work harder when in presence of others which improve the way simple tasks are performed. (Fosshage, 1995 pp51 -56).

Inspirational 20th Century Americans Essay

There are many powerful, influential, and memorable Americans that impacted the United States, and even the world. Of those outstanding Americans, there are three in particular that have impacted America, uniquely. During the 20th Century, Martin Luther King Jr. , Walt Disney, and Bill Gates made strong impacts in our country. These brilliant icons influenced American civilization and culture using their determination, creativity, and intelligence. Martin Luther King Jr. as an average man with a dream to live in an integrated society. He was such an inspirational man due to his strong determination, love, faith, and fearless representation. King applied nonviolent protest to grasp national attention in hope to spread his dream of peace among all individuals, and did all that he was capable of to share that same dream with the rest of society. Also, he led the Montgomery Bus Boycott and participated in The March on Washington where he delivered his well-known speech, â€Å"I Have a D ream†. In 1964 King became the youngest recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize, which was awarded to him for leading non-violent resistance to racial prejudice in the U. S. (Martin Luther King, Jr. ) Due to his perseverance and participation in the civil rights movement, it led to the Civil Rights Act of 1964 which then eliminated discrimination and fulfilled Martin Luther King’s dream at last. Another man that was not afraid of showing the world what he was capable of was Walt Disney. Walt Disney had such an inexplicable imagination that was unstoppable. His love to create and fantasize brought him to produce one of the biggest companies in the country and is now well-known worldwide. He was one of the most iconic figures of recent history; children’s impresario Walt Disney has had a striking effect upon children’s literature through his adaptations of classic novels, unique brand of storytelling, and mass market approach to reaching his target audience (The Influence of Disney on Children’s Literature). Disney Productions reach into the hearts of children, not only by amusing but by fulfilling their urges to imagine and dream. Hundreds of Disney films, cartoons, and productions have been created due to one man’s imagination and resoluteness. Perhaps one of the most intelligent and significant Americans, is Bill Gates. Gates was the first to develop the first user-friendly operating system; previously, the first operating system had a program called DoS, meaning you had to type out commands for your computer in order to perform tasks. Bill Gates and his partner Paul Allen, after receiving money from another invention known as BASIC, decided to create a formal business partnership and created one of the most used operating systems today, Microsoft. This invention leads to most of technology that is used today from the computers, laptops, notebooks, to the handhelds and cellphones we use on a daily basis. All these inventions created by Bill Gates definitely sparked this â€Å"Technology Era†, inspiring people to follow his steps and crave to improve and expand technology in the years to come. As a result of this intelligence Bill Gates had, he is now one of the wealthiest men on earth. All of these iconic and successful Americans shared similar qualities such as determination and intelligence. Each of them accomplished their goals and contributed one thing that ameliorated society. These men brought equality, creativity, and advanced technology that is valued even today. America is beneficial for the capabilities of Martin Luther King Jr. , Walt Disney, and Bill Gates. They impacted our society highly, by improving it in their own ways.

Courseware Authoring Essay

Courseware authoring is when one develops computer-based learning materials.   In order for computer-based learning to be effective, the programs need to be designed and authored successfully. There are many courseware authoring tools available in the market today.   Depending on the industry, the tools vary from simulations to software that creates simple presentations.   The essential elements that need to be included in successful courseware authoring are all the components of different learning styles and learning strategies. According to Mr. Alfred Low, an educational technologist, there are four courseware authoring strategies that one can adopt to create superior learning environments (Low, 2002): †¢ The Socratic Approach: develops a questioning approach that engages students in a dialogue and enables students to see their own mistakes and misconceptions. †¢ Simulations/Games: uses the computer to develop simulation models of an imaginary world designed for pedagogical purposes. †¢ The Computer-As-Pupil: learners construct knowledge and develop problem-solving skills as they interact with the computer. †¢ The Intelligent Assistant: aims to provide support as the learner interacts with the program and monitors the student’s progress. There is no single courseware authoring strategy that will address every instructional problem.   Therefore a needs analysis must be performed to determine the desired final outcome of any instructional materials. Courseware authoring is simply designing computer-based learning tools.   There are many authoring tools and strategies to ensure the most complete success in the learning environment.

Caring For Those Left Behind

The Ignited States of America is a nation that has been fighting two wars on two fronts for thirteen years. With an all-volunteer force, our nations military is made up of brave men and women from all walks of life, brought together for one common goal; the safety of our nation. However, with this desire for safety also comes sacrifice, and not in the way that most people think of when they think Of our military members.I am referring to those who are left behind when a service member packs a bag and heads for a foreign land. The spouses, children, parents, and other dependents of these men and women. A life like no other Being a dependent of a service member is a task that the majority of the American population will never take on. The stress that these family members go though can be both physical and psychological, due to factors including deployment cycles, long and unpredictable duty hours, relocations, and living in a foreign country (Padded Poses, 2013). Frequent moves that military families go through can lead to a loss of a support network.The process of having to start over every few years and find a new job, make new friends while leaving old ones and leaving everything familiar behind can take a huge toll on a person. In addition, family separations, even short ones, can leave a military spouse to report feelings of loneliness. If there is a child at home, this spouse is now effectively a single parent. Deployments to war zones can bring a whole new dimension of stress to the family left behind, s their loved one now faces the risk of serious injury or death (Padded Poses, 2013).How are medical professionals, who may or may not have first- hand experience with this unique lifestyle, to adjust the care that is given this portion of the population? Care Enough to Ask While most spouses and family members of service members receive on- base medical services, there are those that are seen in civilian facilities. Families of members of reserve units more often than not live too far from a military facility, so they will seek care in the local community.As healthcare providers, it is important to ask about military affiliation and where in the deployment cycle (past, current or future) a family may be. In addition, it is important to ask questions about the service member themselves. Asking these questions can give a provider insight into stress levels, sleep quality and self-care. If symptoms Of anxiety or depression are present, further screening can be recommended. This line of questioning lets the patient know that you care enough to ask. From here, additional support can be offered when deed. Assessing the mental status of the patient can be crucial to providing proper care. In a study of National Guard spouses, 34% met the criteria for one or more mental health problems including depression, suicide ideation, and hazardous alcohol use. (Padded Poses, 2013). This means that more than one out of 4 spouses of the 1. 1 million military spouses have had what could be considered a mental health emergency. Another area of concern is the coping mechanisms the spouse is currently using to deal with the stress and separation.Everything from financial situation, level of communication, level of familial dysfunction and age of the spouse can give indication of the level of coping skills said spouse possesses. Taking a full history and asking questions pertaining to these areas of concern can assist a provider in making proper recommendations. Once all necessary information has been collected, the provider can then assist the spouse with support groups, coping skills, and stress management. Recommendations can be made with regards to self-care.Getting enough leap can be an all important factor in self-care, as a lack Of sleep can worsen any mental state. This combined with poor nutrition, a lack of exercise and a consumption of alcohol or other mind altering substances can have disastrous results, especially to one already suffering from stress. Every encounter with a military spouse is a chance for education on how to maintain proper self-care, health and well-being. Reflection Many good points are made in this article on how to help the families of military members. As this may be a situation that have not all dealt with, it s good to have a guideline to go by. Eel that more light needs to be brought to this unique situation. In addition, more guidance needs to be given to providers on how to deal with family members of service members who have returned with mental injuries, as well as physical ones. Dealing with a spouse with mental health issues can be just as challenging, if not more so, than caring for one with visible wounds. Conclusion Any family separation can bring about anxiety, but a separation due to a deployment of a loved one to a war zone can present multifaceted healthcare deeds by those left behind.