Health and Social Care – Unit 32

Unit 32 Factors influencing development and fix M1 In this task I will clarify the variables that may influence the development and fix of bones. There are a wide range of components that can influence the development and fix of the bones I will investigate 4 elements and these are; * Exercise: Doing customary exercise helps fabricate the muscle’s in the body, however it additionally keeps up the bones and increment the bones quality. Exercise makes the muscle contract against the bone. This activity at that point stresses or likewise invigorates the bone and the bone will begin to get more grounded and denser.When individuals consider practice they consider consistently yet in any event, strolling and development around the day can assist with reinforcing the bones. Beginning from a more youthful age with exercise will assist the bones with getting more grounded as the individual gets more seasoned and there bones will pick up quality. The best exercise for the bones is the w eight-bearing kind, which powers the issues that remains to be worked out against gravity. Certain phones called osteoblasts continually carry calcium into unresolved issues them more grounded and osteoclasts take calcium from bones. Exercise builds the rate that osteoblasts fortify bones. Dormancy debilitates the bones.So any activity that spots power on a bone will reinforce the bone. A great many people accomplish their pinnacle bone mass in their 30s. From that point onward, the quality and thickness of bones starts to decay. Practicing eases back the procedure of decrease and forestalls breaks and osteoporosis. * Diet: One of the key supplements that the body requirements for bone development and improvement is calcium, this is ordinarily found in various nourishments and particularly in milk. It is significant that calcium is took in an eating routine in light of the fact that isn't it can prompt the bones being more fragile and can be inclined to break all the more without an y problem. numerous other significant functions.Because calcium has such huge numbers of significant employments, it’s imperative to get enough of it in your eating regimen. The measure of calcium you need relies upon various elements, including your age. Be that as it may, one thing’s valid for everybody: you and your bones will profit by eating a lot of calcium-rich nourishments, constraining nourishments that exhaust your body’s calcium stores, and getting your day by day portion of magnesium and nutrients D and Kâ€nutrients that assist calcium with carrying out its responsibility. Refrences http://www. drmirkin. com/joints/bones_exercise. html http://www. google. co. uk/imgres? q=exercise+in+bones http://www. google. co. uk/imgres? q=calcium+bones

Audit for Business Academy Review - myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Examine about theAudit for Business Academy Review. Answer: Foundation data The athletic division deals with their stores to business office and afterward accommodate all the incomes from the deals of the tickets and every one of these exercises are overseen by the workplace chief as it were. The organization make their stores on month to month premise and for the most part it incorporates more than $ 2,000 under checks and the receipts identified with charge cards. Reason for the review By and large, the check and money receipts are more often than not expose to the misappropriation if appropriate control isn't followed. Further, as the checks incorporate the bank data and name best practice must be kept up with the end goal of compromise. The money review will be completed to guarantee that the money has been appropriately named and arranged at the hour of setting up the monetary statement[1]. Further, it will guarantee that the money adjusts and the money stores are accommodated appropriately with respect to the dates that are accounted for under the budget report. The review will additionally help with checking and acquiring scientific exactness of the money related exchanges through following the opening just as the end adjusts. Besides, the review will help with perceiving the mistakes identified with stores, withdrawals, exaggeration or modest representation of the truth of cash[2]. To guarantee that the records uncover the costs and receipts of money referenc ed to be determined sheet, the inspector will investigate the money dispensing and receipts for the particular time frame before the fiscal report. Extent of the review The extent of money receipt review was to recognize the receipt of money activity technique and the related records of the association. The review will be completed according to the Auditing measures gave by the Comptroller general and legislature of the nation and will incorporate different tests identified with the records and will incorporate such different strategies of evaluating as the examiner will feel important under the circumstances[3]. To satisfy the necessity of review, the inspectors will analyze the money related records of the office and the exercises during the time of 2016. Full detail of administrations plan, systems and approaches will be acquired by the inspector. In addition, the evaluator will examine the inner control strategy as to the activities identified with receipt of money and recording of the incomes. As the workplace oversee is exclusively responsible for all the money related stores and income from the deals of receipts, he will be approached to give all the necessary subtleties of audit[4]. Further, the branch workplaces will be visited to affirm the day by day assortment, stores, taking care of and recording of money related exchanges. Articulation of condition Different escape clauses were perceived with respect to the money receipts, stores and compromise of the incomes. It was discovered that the workplace director alone is exclusively liable for the planning of transmittals of stores to business office and compromise of income got available to be purchased of occasion tickets[5]. Further, the stores are made on month to month premise and by and large incorporate receipt from Mastercard and more than $ 2000 in checks. Another issue was that the occasions are commonly accommodated in two months duration which is considered as a serious long time with the end goal of compromise. At last, the significant issue discovered was that the got monies are kept in the workplace administrators work area keeping it in the manila envelopes till it is stored in the bank. Also, during review the inspector discovered lack of money added up to $ 1,000. End and suggestion From the above conversation it is reasoned that different issues are there with the organization as to receipt, stores and compromise of money and income that may prompt extortion, error or misappropriation of money. Investigating the conditions, the accompanying measures are suggested Isolation of obligations as the workplace supervisor is exclusively liable for al the money related exchanges, there is a high possibility of error, regardless of whether deliberately or unexpectedly. Isolating the obligations among 3 - 4 workers will make it hard to disguise the fake exchanges. Access all the representatives liable for the money exchanges will be furnished with appropriate preparing before taking care of the money. The procedure will be archived recorded as a hard copy and should be given over to the workers before appointing the activity. Documentation when the installment will be gotten, the capable individual will record it promptly in the money receipt register alongside the subtleties like date, sum and payer. The exchange number will be exceptional and will be coordinated at the hour of compromise Compromise the compromise procedure will be completed at any rate twice in a month as opposed to postponing it for two months likewise with times the errors may vanish and make it hard to recognize. References Agostino, Frank, Jairo G. Cano, and Matthew Turtoro. Step by step instructions to Report Cash Receipts and Payments.J. Expense Prac. Proc.16 (2014): 21. Henderson, Jason Dean. Fiscal summary (2015).Proceedings of the Oklahoma Academy of Science. Vol. 95. 2016. LaShaw, Margie Ness, Tara Lambert, and David Sloan. Executing Faith in Accounting: Application in a Student Auditing Project Through Service to the University.Christian Business Academy Review11.1 (2016). Nazri, M. F., et al. Wrongdoings in Record Keeping for Cash Businesses: Malaysian Evidence on Game-Playing Issues on Audit Estimates between Tax Representatives and the Tax Office.2nd International Congress on Interdisciplinary Behavior and Social Science, ICIBSoS 2013. Taylor and Francis-Balkema, 2014. Solieri, Steven An., and Joan Hodowanitz. Electronic Audit Confirmations: Leveraging Technology to Reduce the Risk of Fraud.Journal of Forensic Investigative Accounting8.1 (2016).

whats on your mind COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

whats on your mind COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog New York City is experiencing a small heat wave this week.   Luckily only a few [PESP EMPA] students are on campus.   Most of us are hiding in air conditioned (fan blowing) spaces and keeping out of the heat.   This leaves a lot of time to think     and wonder   So whats on your mind?   What would you like to know about SIPA?   About New York City?   Or about the admissions process?   Let us know what you would like to read about this summer on our Blog. Whats on your mind COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog On the road we meet a lot of passionate people some more prepared than others about going to grad school but its always great to meet you and put fears and concerns to rest.  For us, it also allows us to hear your stories and to put a face to a name.  It also adds another touch point for us to find the right people for our programs. Trip to Singapore (Monday) was rewarding met some lovely (and well prepared) prospective candidates and devoted Blog readers thank you for following us.  Hoping to find equally interesting people in Jakarta this evening if you come early   you will be able to sit in on the graduate admissions panel that will start at 4pm (Same location as The APSIA Admissions Forum).  Hope to see there. And again, if there are topics you want us to cover in our blog, let us know.  Were open to suggestions.

Work Definition in Chemistry

The word work means different things in different contexts. In science, it is a thermodynamic concept.  The SI unit for work is the  joule. Physicists and chemists, in particular, view work in relation to energy: Work Definition Work is the energy required to move an object against a force. In fact, one definition of energy is the capacity to do work. There are many different kinds of work. Examples include: Electrical workWork against gravityWork against a magnetic fieldMechanical work Key Takeaways: Work Definition in Science In physical science, such as physics and chemistry, work is force multiplied by distance.Work occurs if there is movement in the direction of the force.The SI unit of work is the joule (J). This is the work expended by a force of one newton (N) over a displacement of one meter (m). Mechanical Work Mechanical work is the type of work most commonly dealt with in physics and chemistry. It includes work moving against gravity (e.g., up an elevator) or any opposing force. Work is equal to the force times the distance the object moves: w F*d where w is work, F is the opposing force, and d is the distance This equation may also be written as: w m*a*d where a is the acceleration PV Work Another common type of work is pressure-volume work. This is work done by frictionless pistons and ideal gases. The equation to calculate the expansion or compression of a gas is: w -PΔV where w is work, P is pressure, and ΔV is the change in volume Sign Convention for Work Note that equations for work employ the following sign convention: Work performed by the system on the surroundings has a negative sign.Heat flow from the system into the surroundings has a negative sign.

Analysis Of The Poem The Bride - 939 Words

â€Å"Something old, something new, something borrowed, something blue and a silver sixpence in her shoe† is an old English rhyme that its exact origins are not fully known but was said a good bit in the Victorian era. In 1894 a newspaper in Pennsylvania the Warren Ledger, had this poem in it and was said to be a Puritan marriage tradition but many other areas started using it as their own tradition. By going also with the poem the bride has to collect five objects from her things, family and friends. The five objects are for good luck and a lot of the time they are family ones that have been handed down from one generation to another. The bride will have to wear all the items the day of the in order to have good luck. (Meaning of Something Old, 015) With each item the bride collects for the day of the wedding represents something different. They something old represents her life, family and tradition., something new offers positive benefits for the future, something borrowed represents borrowed happiness, something blue symbolizes purity, love and loyalty, and the sixpence in the bride’s shoe is for good fortune and prosperity. The sixpence in the shoe is mainly a largely used British tradition. A sixpence is a sliver coin that was used form the 17h-20th centuries in Maryland as well as England. (Meaning of Something Old, 2015) Many brides practice this in their own ways, using a blue garter, old jewelry, something borrowed from someone and a new wedding dress. These daysShow MoreRelatedPygmalions Bride1011 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Although ‘Pygmalion’s Bride’ is humorous, it has an underlying dark message, like other poems in the collection.† With close analysis of ‘Pygmalion’s Bride’ explore how far you agree with this statement. Make references to other poems that we have studied in your answer. 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B elcher Jr. in his book The Messiah and the Psalms: Preaching Christ from all the Psalms . This paper also provides an analysis of Psalm 45 and whether Psalm 45 should be used to teach on the church as the bride of Christ. Lastly, this paper provides an analysis of Psalm 22 and whether Psalm 22 speaks of the Messiah. Summary of The Messiah and the Psalms: Preaching Christ from all the Psalms Belcher presents an overview of several possibleRead MoreEssay on Edgar Allan Poe: Youth, Beauty, and Death697 Words   |  3 Pageslove in fairy tales and the hard truth of real life. Such elements are portrayed within â€Å"Annabel Lee† and â€Å"Ulalume†. His poems refrain from creating a false paradise, and instead represent an allegory of his tribulations – the death of young, beautiful women. For example, â€Å"Annabel Lee† is about the speaker of the poem remembering his long-lost love, Annabel Lee. 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He brings them up over and over again to really show how powerfulRead Moreâ€Å"Beauty is truth, truth beauty† Essay767 Words   |  4 Pagesbeauty of this poem is given in five stanzas of iambic pentameter with a two part rhyme scheme, giving the poem a sense of a two part structure and, furthermore, two meanings just as there are two sides of the urn. The manifest meaning is one of the picture being timeless and the love eternal, while the latent meaning is that of silence and how love can be expressed without word or sound. Keats begins this depiction of beauty in the first stanza by describing the woman, the â€Å"bride of quietness†Read MoreEssay on Analysis of Little Girl Lost by Blake1002 Words   |  5 PagesAnalysis of Little Girl Lost by Blake A Little GIRL Lost from Songs of Experience is one of Blakes most important poems. Though judging the aesthetic value of a poem is nearly impossible, I would contend that A Little Girl Lost is better than The Little Girl Lost found in Songs of Innocence. Perhaps because A Little Girl Lost was composed as an afterthought to its original counterpart, having been first written in Innocence, it acts as a conclusion to the original poem. The twoRead MoreLiterary Devices Used By Edgar Allan Poe986 Words   |  4 Pageselements to get their messages across so the readers understand the poem in a much deeper stance. One great poet that uses such intricate writing in his poems is Edgar Allan Poe. Edgar Allan Poe uses several different literary devices in his major 1849 poem Annabel Lee. In his text he incorporates theme with imagery, symbolism, and form. These literary devices help lead the audience to the understanding of the overall meaning of the poem. Edgar Allan Poe s use of symbolism allows for the audience toRead MoreMy Last Duchess By Robert Browning951 Words   |  4 Pagesthough he had received many reviews and important friendships. Browning later had a disastrous work, Sordello, which caused him to decide to move onto dramatic monologue. This began the beginning of his more mature poetry that included many different poems that received a large amount of positive reviews. â€Å"Browning described himself as â€Å"One who never turned his back but marched breast forward,/ Never doubted clouds would break† (â€Å"Robert Browning† np). Unfortunately, Browning passed away on DecemeberRead More Essay on Dover Beach: An Analysis1052 Words   |  5 Pages An Analysis of Dover Beachnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; Dover Beach intrigued me as soon as I read the title. I have a great love of beaches, so I feel a connection with the speaker as he or she stands on the cliffs of Dover, looking out at the sea and reflecting on life. Arnold successfully captures the mystical beauty of the ocean as it echoes human existence and the struggles of life. The moods of the speaker throughout the poem change dramatically as do the moods of the sea. The irregular, unordered

Moral And Ethical Considerations Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

string(55) " some limited applications in kids for the clip being\." The end of utilizing automatons in medical specialty is to supply improved diagnostic capablenesss, a less aggressive and a more comfy experience for the patient, and the ability to make smaller and more accurate intercessions. A Automatons are presently used for prostate surgery, hysterectomies, the remotion of fibroids, joint replacings, open-heart surgery and kidney surgeries. They can be used along with MRIs to supply organ biopsies. We will write a custom essay sample on Moral And Ethical Considerations Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now While the physician can see images of the patient and command the automaton through a computing machine, he does non necessitate to be in the room, or even at the same location as the patient. A This means that a physician can run on a patient who is far off without either of them holding to go. It besides provides a better work atmosphere by cut downing strain and weariness. Surgeries that last for hours can do even the best sawboness to see manus failing and shudders, while automatons are more stable and drum sander. Dr. D’Ovidio has extended experience in thoracic and esophageal malignant neoplastic disease, reflux and achalasia instances. Embracing the most advanced engineering, he has been trained to execute robotic thoracic surgery. Although you might visualise bantam small automatons repairing jobs inside your organic structure, Dr. D’Ovidio explains it ‘s â€Å" non like a automaton is making surgery and I ‘m holding java in a saloon. † ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.columbiasurgery.net/tag/robotic-surgery/ ) The sawbones sits at a console to run a mechanical arm that has tools loaded on to it. In add-on to the fact that the sawbones can sit at easiness, another advantage is alleviating the weariness of holding to keep instruments for an drawn-out period of clip. The automatons use well greater optics to present 3-dimensional vision. In truth, robotic surgery is 3D. It has two â€Å" eyes † alternatively of merely 1. This gives a much better position. Besides, the automatons have articulations that articulate the tool in all waies. For illustration, like holding an arm with a carpus, as opposed to a laparoscope, where the arm is stiff with no wrist motion. â€Å" Although it ‘s fundamentally the same process as unfastened or laparoscopic surgery, you have much more refined action, † Dr. D’Ovidio says, â€Å" and achieve greater preciseness, less mistake, and less possible hemorrhage. That ‘s a benefit to the patient. † ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.columbiasurgery.net/tag/robotic-surgery ) Marjorie Paulson, 75, lives in Long Island. Mrs. Paulson was thrilled to larn about Dr. D’Ovidio ‘s automaton and flew into the metropolis for surgery on February 28, 2012. Her process was a great campaigner for the robotic attack. Equally good as her hiatal hernia fix, due to the presence of esophageal shortening, Mrs. Paulson required a Collis gastroplasty to widen the gorge and easiness tenseness on the anti-reflux Nissen fundoplication process. She went home the following twenty-four hours, has had no hurting or any other symptoms, and feels superb. The district attorney Vinci surgical system is a somewhat invasive new attack that uses cutting edge robotic engineering. The district attorney Vinci Surgical System takes gynaecological surgery to new statures by leting highly precise motions, legerity and control through minimum surgical gaps and strong 3D vision and magnification. Marginally aggressive roboticA prostatectomy and roboticA hysterectomy intervention options now offer the potency for first-class post-operative map and malignant neoplastic disease direction results.A Quickly going the global intervention pick for prostate state of affairss, the district attorney Vinci Robot is besides puting a new benchmark with the district attorney Vinci hysterectomy, for the broad scope of uterine conditions that need surgery. This criterion is accredited to the improved benefits of truth and magnification at the operative site, every bit good as a shorter timeline for recovery, decreased hurting, fewer troubles, reduced scarring an d lower hazard of infection. With the sawbones steering robotic weaponries from a sing console some pess off from the patient. As an option to doing a big scratch, the automaton ‘s tools and camera are inserted through four little holes in the patient ‘s thorax. The automaton used in the patterns, the Intuitive Surgical district attorney Vinci System, has Food and Drug Administration consent for a figure of clinical tests in bosom surgery. Initial consequences show that on norm, patients stayed in the infirmary two to four yearss less and returned to work 50 per centum quicker than those holding the unfastened process. The district attorney Vinci Surgical System, made by Intuitive Surgical, Inc. of Sunnyvale, Calif. , is freed to execute surgery under the counsel of a sawbones. As of May 2012, more than 1,840 da Vinci Systems are installed in over 1,450 infirmaries worldwide. ( hypertext transfer protocol: //allaboutroboticsurgery.com/surgicalrobots.html ) The district attorney Vinci Si double console besides permits sawboness from different Fieldss to work together on the same patient. For illustration, a patient undergoing gynaecological and urological processs can be robotically operated on at similar times, allowing both sawboness to work together and decreasing the hazards of jobs for the patient. The most apparent advantage of the double console is the capacity to develop new robotics sawboness. Alternatively of the mentoring sawbones and mentoree swapping topographic points back and Forth throughout the surgery, both can now work in tandem. The productiveness of holding two sawboness working at the same clip could easy accelerate the acquisition curve as both sawboness are seeing the same anatomy and sharing the same tools, merely like the larning procedure in unfastened surgery. The accelerated acquisition curve for the sawboness means a batch more instances can be done, allowing even more patients to gain from robotics surgery. Hospital corsets can be decreased by about half, cut downing infirmary cost by about 33 % . These fewer yearss in the intensive attention unit are a consequence of less hurting and quicker recovery. ( hypertext transfer protocol: //allaboutroboticsurgery.com/surgicalrobots.html ) Though the size of the mechanism is still non little plenty for bosom processs in kids, the minimally aggressive nature of district attorney Vinci does non go forth a big surgical cicatrix and still has some limited applications in kids for the clip being. You read "Moral And Ethical Considerations Health And Social Care Essay" in category "Essay examples" Furthermore, harmonizing to Intuitive Surgical, merely 80,000 out of 230,000 new instances of prostate malignant neoplastic disease undergo surgery because of the high hazard invasive surgery carries, connoting that more people may undergo surgery with this germinating engineering. ( hypertext transfer protocol: //allaboutroboticsurgery.com/surgicalrobots. html ) The chief disadvantages to this engineering are the steep acquisition curve and high cost of the device. Though Intuitive Surgical provides a preparation plan, it took sawboness about 12-18 patients before they felt secure executing the technique. The big floor-mounted patient-side cart confines the helper sawbones ‘s attack to the patient. Though, there are besides many who are unable to entree the district attorney Vinci based on the steep monetary value. In a paper published by The American Journal of Surgery, 75 % of sawboness claimed that they felt financially limited by any system that cost more than $ 500,000. As of now, surgery with the district attorney Vinci Surgical System takes 40-50 proceedingss longer, but the FDA considered this a learning curve variable and expects clip to better with more usage of the system. ( hypertext transfer protocol: //allaboutroboticsurgery.com/surgicalrobots.html ) Acrobot Precision Surgical Systems mission is bettering the velocity, truth and duplicability of joint replacing, guaranting maximal benefit for the sawbones and the patient Acrobot provides preciseness surgical systems for computer-assisted 3D planning, surgical pilotage and surgeon-controlled robotic surgery. ( hypertext transfer protocol: //allaboutroboticsurgery.com/surgicalrobots.html ) In order to better clinical results, addendum sawbones accomplishments, enable bone preservation and increase productiveness. When joint replacing cogwheels are implanted exactly and successfully, the patient ‘s post-operative recovery clip can be cut and hurting and troubles can be minimized, which should so take to improved quality of life for the patient. With the enlargement of accoutrement engineerings, such as visual image systems, retractors, and stabilizers, every bit good as other methods of vascular canulation and cardiorespiratory beltway ( CPB ) , such as peripheral CPB and endoaortic balloon engineering, many past restrictions have been conquered. Many physicians have shown promising consequences utilizing a mini-sternotomy, parasternal scratch, and mini-thoracotomy for complex cardiac processs, including coronary arteria beltway grafting ( CABG ) , mitral and aortal valve surgery, and atrial septal defect ( ASD ) closing. ( hypertext transfer protocol: //ats.ctsnetjournals.org/cgi/content/full/77/4/1328 ) The following measure has been the creative activity of thoracoscopic surgery utilizing computerized telemicromanipulation. Using a surgical robotic system, sawboness can work little endoscopic instruments, which are put in through ports one centimetre in size, recognizing many of the proficient operations merely anteceden tly possible with unfastened surgery. Supporters of minimally aggressive techniques have assumed that by diminishing the scratch size and entire operative injury, it may be possible to diminish postoperative hurting and better quality of life, rendering into a rapid recovery and the ability to go on preoperative activities, such as work. While several surveies of robotically supported cardiac surgery have reported hurts and deceases, merely one survey has addressed hurting and quality of life, comparing patients who underwent larboard entree techniques with patients who underwent a sternotomy. Supporters of robotic engineering for atrial septate defect closing have stated, based on subjective experience, that postoperative hurting is reduced and quality of life is improved in patients undergoing surgery with robotic techniques as opposed to conservative attacks, such as a sternotomy or thoracotomy. Robotically aided thoracoscopic atrial septate defect fix resulted in first-class quality of life after 30 yearss. Quality of life result steps were significantly superior in the robotic group as compared to patients who underwent surgery utilizing nonthoracoscopic techniques, such as sternotomy and mini-thoracotomy. ( http: //onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1471-0528.2008.02038.x/full ) A robotic attack prevents the injury of a sternotomy or thoracotomy, which is an of import concern to many patients. Patients who endured a robotic attack returned to work earlier than patients who endured a mini-thoracotomy or sternotomy. Along with better-quality patient attention, another end of doing medical robotics conventional is to cut down on medical costs. But, this is non ever the instance. Some robotic surgery systems cost more than $ 1 million to get and $ 100,000 a twelvemonth or more to keep. A This means that infirmaries need to measure the cost of the machine vs. the cost of conventional attention. If robotic surgery cuts down on the hurting and healing clip, so money is saved because the figure of yearss the patient stays in the infirmary is reduced. There is besides a decrease in the sum of employees needed in the operating room during surgery. In contrast, monolithic preparation clip is required for physicians to larn to plan and command the machines. Another fright is that there are really few shapers of medical robotics. With small competition, the few shapers that exist can put their ain monetary values. Medical robotics are still new, and there is much more work to be done. And expensive, which can do it unaffordable for many infirmaries and health-care centres. A There are besides still issues with inaction. This means the clip oversight between the blink of an eyes when the physician shifts the controls and when the automaton responds. Plus, there is still a hazard for human mistake if the physician falsely plans the automaton before surgery. Computer plans can non modify their class during surgery, while a human sawbones can do needful corrections. As sawboness become more acquainted with utilizing automatons for surgery, and as more companies provide medical automatons, thereA will come a twenty-four hours when automatons are used in about every infirmary. Yet, this is still far off in the hereafter. One of the defects of most robotic surgical systems today is the absence of the esthesis of touch for the sawbones. Execution of tactile feedback into robotic surgical systems can transform the physician ‘s user experience by leting designation of altered tissue constructions, forestalling tissue harm, sing right sutura arrangement and dwindling undertaking completion clip. The increasing trouble of recent surgical engineering will necessitate more rigorous guidelines for concern and pattern similar to the subject used in air power. Using a surgical automaton suggests that the sawbones is no longer in direct physical or ocular contact with the patient. The sawbones non merely operates through computing machine bids but there is besides a significant distance to the helpers go toing the operation tabular array. Unfortunately, the current systems lack an acceptable manner to pass on between the operator and the helpers. As with many new technological developments, communicating might look to be the Achilles ‘ heel of robotic surgery. More suited equipment of communicating and more steadfast subject in followup of the orders from the primary responsible individual, the sawbones, will be critical for a safe and successful process. Telemedicine makes cross-border intervention possible. Cross-border attention should non alter the usual medical moralss but makes intervention likely of patients in countries the physician can non make in individual. Under served parts and states could be assisted. But the engineering could besides rise the resettlement of physicians from hapless to rich countries and states. Besides, the security of the transmitted information between the sawbones and the distant automaton is at interest. That informations should be treated the same manner as written medical records. Mistakes of the robotic system will go on more often with the increasing usage of the machine. Fortunately, it appeared that less than five per centum of device mistakes lead to patient troubles. Additionally, the sum of unfastened alterations due to malfunctions decreased from 94 % in 2003 to 16 % in 2007. ( http: //onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1471-0528.2008.02038.x/full ) Even though automatons seem to move freely, all of their motions and actions are controlled by the sawbones and as such do non differ from any other surgical equipment. Still, as with any complicated system, safety safeguards will be more important than with the usage of simple instruments. Local every bit good as national and international guidelines will necessitate to be established to turn to specific issues. In 2007, the first policy guidelines for the robot-assisted prostatectomy were suggested in an column by Valvo et Al. ( http: //onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1471-0528.2008.02038.x/full ) The Society of American Gastrointestinal and Endoscopic Surgeons and the Minimally Invasive Robotic Association thought that guidelines for the usage of robotics were missing. To get the better of this spread, they issued a consensus statement on robotic surgery including guidelines for preparation and credentialing. The World Medical Association ( WMA ) made a statement on the moralss of telemedicine on their last meeting in Copenhagen. Included are codifications for the patient-physician relationship and confidentiality, the duties of the doctor and the quality of attention. The World Medical Association is assuring the development of national statute law and international understandings on telemedicine. Robotic surgery is besides known as cyber surgery. The elaborateness of judicial proceeding associated with robotic surgery is complex. In add-on to being able to action doctors and infirmaries, patients who endure an unpleasant result after robotic surgery will hold the possible to action the robotic maker and the telecommunications company. Nevertheless, robotic surgery judicial proceeding will affect Torahs that are by and large unaccustomed to healthcare suppliers. There are non excessively many instances on robotic surgery malpractice, a batch of the instances have been hard to turn out whether it was the sawbones or the mistake of the shapers that made the automaton. Over the following few old ages, robotic or distant surgery will be in pattern on a broader graduated table and cases will finally follow. How to cite Moral And Ethical Considerations Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

Telecommunications Advances Essays - Telecommunications,

Telecommunications Advances Today, telecommunications technology affects lives to a greater degree than ever before. Communication has evolved over many years from the earliest attempts at verbal communication to the use of sophisticated technology to enhance the ability to communicate effectively with others. Every time a telephone call is made, a television is watched, or a personal computer is used, benefits of telecommunication technologies are being received. The concept of telecommunications may be defined as the transmission of information from one location to another by electronic means. Telecommunications is using electronic systems to communicate. Life is changing constantly and has been changing faster since the rapid advancements in telecommunication. Because of continuing attempts to find better and more efficient ways to communicate, the process of communication has steadily improved. Many of these improvements were made without the use of electronic technology. Human beings' earliest attempts at communication were through nonverbal means such as facial expressions and gesturing. The use of these nonverbal signs, prehistoric people were able to communicate emotions such as fear, anger, and happiness. More specific motions, such as pointing, allowed them to convey more information . Verbal communication probably started with a series of disorganized but meaningful sounds (grunts and snarls). These sounds slowly developed into a system of organized, spoken language that truly allowed humans to share information (Croal 59). Writing, which is the use of symbols to represent language, began with early cave drawings, progressed to picture writings such as hieroglyphics, and finally evolved into the handwritten language we use today (Croal 61). As civilization developed, people found it necessary to communicate their ideas to one another over greater distances. The earliest method of transporting information was to carry it from place to place; but as the development of commerce made speed an essential part, greater effort was expended to increase the rate at which ideas were transmitted (Croal62). The search for rapid transport of information led to the formation of the pony express in 1860 (Cozic 77). Although the pony express required several weeks to carry mail from the East Coast to the West Coast, it was a vast improvement over the earlier methods. The pony express was not the only time humans teamed up with animals to attempt to improve communications. Dogs and pigeons were used to carry messages, especially during wartime . Most, if not all, of the early forms of communication had two significant problems. Both the speed at which information could be effectively communicated and the distance over which information could be sent were severely limited. With the advancements in forms of electronic communication, these problems were solved. It was even before the pony express that a true technological breakthrough was made. In 1844, the first electronic transmission occurred when Samuel Morse developed a system of dots and dashes to symbolize letters of the alphabet. A transmission device called the telegraph was used to send the coded signals over wires. The telegraph was to become the primary method of reliable and rapid communication during the American Civil War . It took quite a few years to link the major cities of America by telegraph wires, but by 1861 the pony express was replaced . Telegraphic communication became a major part of America's business and military history. One of the early telegraph companies, Western Union, became the dominant carrier. Today, Western Union, through the use of modern technology, transmits information twenty-four hours a day, seven days a week. Actual voice communication over distance finally became possible in 1876 when Alexander Graham Bell held the first telephone conversation with his assistant, Thomas Watson . This alternative to written communication rapidly helped the telephone become the world's most important communication tool. By 1866 the first successful attempt to link Europe and America by undersea cable had been accomplished. This cable was capable of carrying telegraph data only . The telephone today remains a vital tool, and like the telegraph, the telephone is constantly being improved by modern technology . By 1900, the goal of communication technologists was to find a method of transmitting messages over long distances without the need for wires. That dream became reality in 1901 when Gugliellmo Marconi and two assistants stood on a hill in Newfoundland and listened carefully to their receiver. Faintly they heard the Morse code"dot-dot-dot," the letter s. the signal had traveled 1,700 miles from Cornwall, England, and it represented the first successful wireless transmission. This success led Marconi to form Marconi Wireless Telegraphy Company. It was not until the Titanic disaster in 1912, however, that wireless transmissions became commercially profitable. As

Free Essays on Yutori

Japan has certainly made remarkable progress in the post-war period, which can partly be attributed to the work of education. However, in the present, Japan is facing various problems in the education system. Those include but are not limited to, school violence, bullying, class collapse, and decrease in academic ability. Most of the comments made by the media over-exaggerate the issue about today fs  gknife-wielding monsters h but it is still a serious issue nonetheless and many are voicing shock about the recent increase of violence, bullying, and suicide in the schools. According to a survey result by Tokyo metropolitan government, the ratio of 2nd year students in high school who don ft study at all at home was 35% in 1995, and it increased to 43% in 1998. It was found that 80% of students at top-level universities could not solve quadratic equations at the junior high school level and 20% could not calculate fractional and decimal expressions at the elementary school level. What to do when a teenager suddenly goes berserk? How should parents, teachers, and adults in general respond? A wave of violence against teachers has given new urgency to the question,  gWhat do children want, and what do they need that they aren ft getting? h In response to serious concerns about children fs learning, the Ministry of Education has been implementing so-called Yutori no Kyoiku (‚‚Æ‚Ã ¨Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ÃƒÅ'†¹Ã‚ ³Ã‹â€ Ãƒ §) or  geducation with room to grow h at elementary and secondary schools. School days were shorterned from six days a week to five days. Teaching contents have been reduced by about 30% for each academic year in the new Courses of Study. The basic aim of the new Courses of Study is to cultivate in children a  gzest for living h ( Ã‚ ¶Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ «Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ ©- à ), including the ability to learn and think by themselves. It is explained that children fs academic ability will not improve if knowledge is merely taught in a one-sided manner. It ... Free Essays on Yutori Free Essays on Yutori Japan has certainly made remarkable progress in the post-war period, which can partly be attributed to the work of education. However, in the present, Japan is facing various problems in the education system. Those include but are not limited to, school violence, bullying, class collapse, and decrease in academic ability. Most of the comments made by the media over-exaggerate the issue about today fs  gknife-wielding monsters h but it is still a serious issue nonetheless and many are voicing shock about the recent increase of violence, bullying, and suicide in the schools. According to a survey result by Tokyo metropolitan government, the ratio of 2nd year students in high school who don ft study at all at home was 35% in 1995, and it increased to 43% in 1998. It was found that 80% of students at top-level universities could not solve quadratic equations at the junior high school level and 20% could not calculate fractional and decimal expressions at the elementary school level. What to do when a teenager suddenly goes berserk? How should parents, teachers, and adults in general respond? A wave of violence against teachers has given new urgency to the question,  gWhat do children want, and what do they need that they aren ft getting? h In response to serious concerns about children fs learning, the Ministry of Education has been implementing so-called Yutori no Kyoiku (‚‚Æ‚Ã ¨Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ÃƒÅ'†¹Ã‚ ³Ã‹â€ Ãƒ §) or  geducation with room to grow h at elementary and secondary schools. School days were shorterned from six days a week to five days. Teaching contents have been reduced by about 30% for each academic year in the new Courses of Study. The basic aim of the new Courses of Study is to cultivate in children a  gzest for living h ( Ã‚ ¶Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ «Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ ©- à ), including the ability to learn and think by themselves. It is explained that children fs academic ability will not improve if knowledge is merely taught in a one-sided manner. It ...

Word Choice Wail vs. Whale

Word Choice Wail vs. Whale Word Choice: Wail vs. Whale What is the difference between a cry of pain and a 190-ton marine mammal? Well, not a huge amount when it comes to pronunciation! The words â€Å"wail† and â€Å"whale† sound identical, which means that they’re easy to mix up. But these terms also refer to very different things, so check out our guide to make sure you always pick the right word in your written work. Wail (Cry or Scream) The word â€Å"wail† can be either a noun or a verb. In either case, it refers to a high-pitched cry or scream of pain, grief, or anger: Noun Usage: They heard the wail from upstairs. Verb Usage: She wailed in sadness when she saw the news. More rarely, â€Å"wail† is also used to mean â€Å"play a tune exceptionally well.† However, this is largely an old piece of jazz slang and not found in most modern English writing. Whale (Large Sea Mammal) â€Å"Whale† is almost always a noun and can refer to a number of large sea mammals. For instance: We are going to sea to watch the whales later today. There are many different types of whale, ranging from the relatively small dwarf sperm whale (usually around 9ft long) to the massive blue whale (up to 98ft long). But all of them are â€Å"whales.† Except this guy, who despite being called a killer whale is actually a dolphin.(Photo: skeeze/Pixabay) â€Å"Whale† can also be used as a verb to describe the act of hunting for whales (i.e., whaling or whale fishing). But this is illegal in most countries now, so it is not commonly used. Summary: Wail or Whale? â€Å"Wail† and â€Å"whale† might sound alike, but they look very different written down. As such, it should be easy to tell these terms apart once you know what they mean. Remember: Wail can be a verb or a noun and refers to a cry of despair or grief. Whale is almost always a noun and refers to a large sea mammal. As a final note, try not to get either of these words confused with â€Å"Wales,† which is part of the UK. And if you’d like any more help with the spelling in your writing, feel free to get in touch today.

Prevention of falling for the Elderly Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Prevention of falling for the Elderly - Essay Example With age she has become prone to falls and along with this her impaired vision due to cataract further contributes to the risk factors. As my patient’s aunt is suffering from Osteoporosis which could be due to decreased physical activity, changes in hormone levels, deficiency of Vitamin D, a proper care in these areas can help in alleviating her conditions to a great extent. To take care of deficiency of the essential nutrients the following points need to be taken care of – The lowered physical activity in the elderly can lead to reduced strength, muscle problems and loss of flexibility and bone mass. This increases the risk of falls and to prevent it the following points need consideration- She can be engaged in regular exercises as this will increase the strength of her bones and muscles and will also work towards improving her flexibility and balance. As an alternative she can also go on regular walks. It is common for the elderly to suffer from vision diseases such as Glaucoma and Cataracts that can affect their peripheral vision, depth perception make it difficult for them to see in the bright lights. All this can impact their ability to judge the environment and the following preventive tips can assist them greatly- The screening of fall risks is an efficient method of identifying people with a great risk of falling. There are a number of fall-risk screening tools with an accuracy of high to intermediate. The St Thomas’ risk assessment tool in falling elderly inpatients (STRATIFY) gives an accuracy of intermediate to high in the classification of fall risk. It is recommended in the case of nursing homes. A stratify risk screen helps in calculating the risk scores. A score of 0 to 3 is assigned for ‘Transfer’ and also for ‘mobility’. A score of 3 is implies independence in the patient. The score is calculated from the state of the

Our task is to research Google and discover at least 5 technologies Essay

Our task is to research Google and discover at least 5 technologies they have developed (or are currently developing), other tha - Essay Example This paper analyses five latest technologies or business developed or developing by Google other than search engine and advertising. Google's Self-Driving Cars â€Å"Google's self-driving cars have absolutely nothing to do with Google's core business, and Google has never even tried to explain how they're going to make money. They push technology forward. They could make people's lives better in real, tangible ways† (Rosoff, 2012). Even though the concept of self-driven cars is proposed by many people in the past, nobody has shown the courage to develop technologies needed for such cars. It should be noted that no prominent automobile companies came forward with a self-driven car yet even though they are spending billions of dollars for the development of environmental friendly vehicles. Google on the other hand thought differently and introduced world’s first self-driven car recently. There are plenty of physically handicapped people in this world who are unable to dri ve their vehicles. Self-driven vehicles would definitely help such people immensely. It is difficult for such people to rely the services of drivers all the time. For example, if the driver is not staying with them, it is difficult for them to go to hospital or any other places in nights or in emergency situations. Google’s self-driven cars may provide a perfect answer to the problems of physically handicapped people. ... The second advantage of the self-driven cars is the reduced incidents of accidents. Since self-driven cars are operated or driven by the machines, man made errors may not cause any accidents while traveling in such vehicles. It should be noted that a substantial portion of the vehicle accidents are taking place because of careless driving. Self-driven vehicles do not need the supervision of the human and hence the possibility of mistakes is very less. There are certain disadvantages also while using self-driven vehicles. Since self-driven vehicles are fully operated by the machines, the chances of mechanic problems and fatal errors in decision making cannot be ruled out. For example, if the front and back sensors of the self-driven vehicles are not functioning properly, the possibility of accidents may increase. It is not necessary that the computers used in the self-driven vehicles may have the intelligence to take error free decisions all the time. Human intelligence is superior to artificial intelligence. In other words, the creator will always superior to his creations. Under such circumstances, there is no guarantee for accident free driving while using machine controlled vehicles. There is nothing ethically wrong in using self-driven vehicles. However, it should not be forgotten that machines are gradually increasing its influence upon human life. Increased dependence machine for the sustainment of human life may not bring the good in the long run. At the time of driving human is developing some skills. Decision making skills and problems solving skills are also developed by drivers while driving. Self-driven vehicles may deprive such skill development opportunities to the

Why Dont Girls Choose Science :: essays papers

Why Dont Girls Choose Science Issues Essay: Why Don’t Girls Choose Science? In South Australia in 1983 less than one-third of students studying physics at matriculation level were girls (Robottom, 1986). Sixteen years later, in 1999, girls still only made up 35% of students studying physics at the matriculation level (SSABSA, 1999). Despite all the advances for women in modern society it seems that there is still an issue of concern in that of girls participation and achievement in science. Adamson, Foster, Roark & Reed (1998) suggests that the gender gap in science appears to widen with development so much so that there is concern that women are being underrepresented in some science fields. It is suggested that due to the role science and technology plays in all of our lives today it is not only a concern that women are limiting their career options, but also that they are not getting the opportunity to take part in the planning and decision-making processes that occur in areas which affect all citizens (Johnston, 1984). Indeed, Andre, Whigham, Hen drickson & Chambers (1999), have found that secondary school girls have lower persistence and enrolment in the physical science pipeline, which of course leads to women having lower participation in physical science careers. Recently O’Brien, Martinez-Pons & Kopala (1999) reported that gender could directly predict students’ career interests in the science and engineering fields, leaving no question as to whether gender was an issue when choosing science subject. It is thought that the critical moment for girls arises when they have a choice as to whether to do science or not (Robottom, 1986) and it is at this point the gender differences really become noticeable. Studies have revealed that girls were choosing to do language, arts or biology, whereas boys were choosing to do physical science courses (Farenga & Joyce, 1999) and it seems that there is no biological basis that can account for this low achievement and representation of girls in physical science (Johnston, 1984). This viewed in the light of the fact that it has been shown that the school plays a major role in the performance and attitudes of girls to science (Johnston, 1984) must prompt all teachers to examine what they may be doing to contribute to this problem and what they may be able to do to encourage girls to become involved in science, particularly the physical sciences.

Enabling various

It has brought people closer together by enabling various forms f interpersonal communication, notably e-mail, instant messaging, video conferencing, and social networking. And it has allowed consumers to purchase virtually anything at any time, while providing producers with direct access to a wide range of markets. Furthermore, the Internet Is a bustling industry, spurred by entrepreneurship and supported by a variety of Industries and large enterprises. Online productivity tools and communications advancements provide benefits to almost all enterprises and governments.The Internet has helped governments to broaden their services to citizens and improve their delivery. In a very short period, it has become difficult for most of us to imagine a world without instant and continuous access to the Internet. Series in which we examined the Internet's impact on a group of developing countries that have both the scale and the dynamism to become significant players on the global stage in t he near future (see Online and upcoming: The Internet's impact on aspiring countries, McKinney & Company, January 2012).It also builds on our earlier assessment of the impact of the Internet on the advanced economies and several large developing economies, such as China, Brazil, Russia and India (see McKinney Global Institute, Internet matters: The Net's sweeping impact on growth, Jobs, and prosperity, May 2011). As an ongoing body of work, our view of the Internet's impact on India is evolving. The insights and conclusions presented in this report are refinements of our earlier multi-country work, based on an in-depth assessment of India-specific data and multiple expert interviews in India.As data sources improve and the body of knowledge relating to the Internet expands in India, we look forward to continue to evolve our perspectives. Our research focuses on the way the Internet affects Indian's economy currently, and TTS potential to do so in future. In our attempt to understand the impact of the Internet, we focus on how economic growth and prosperity have been affected; we also seek to discover how individuals, entrepreneurs, enterprises, and public sector entities have been transformed.In addition to assessing the Internet landscape and its impact on the various groups of participants, we examine the potential for India to utilize the particular strengths of its economy to enable businesses and individuals to derive greater benefits from the Internet. We do not offer prescriptive policies, but Ochs on opportunities and possibilities for India to accelerate its efforts to capture the Internet's benefits.This is an independent McKinney & Company report that draws on various sources: research from Muckiness's Technology, Media, and Telecoms Practice; information from academic and public sources; research conducted with Google; and work from the McKinney Global Institute (MGM'), the business and economics research arm of McKinney & Company. Without the cont ributions of the academics and researchers who are cited throughout the report, our effort would not have been possible.To understand the trends in Internet activity in India versus other countries, we relied on several analytical approaches: (1) we constructed macroeconomic analyses for India, taking into account data related to Internet expenditure, Internet usage, the infrastructure, and various other environmental enablers of the Internet; (2) we conducted microanalyses of various Internet ecosystem participants and user groups, using publicly available data and interviews with company chief technology officers (Cots); (3) we surveyed about 550 small and medium-sized enterprises (Seems) inIndia; (4) we utilized data from Muckiness's proprietary Digital Consumer surveys in India in 2010 and 2012; (5) we constructed a forward-looking view on the potential size of the Internet user base in India; and (6) we conducted thought experiments to behavior could shape the Internet landscap e. To test our conclusions, we interviewed industry experts in India and asked academics to review our findings. As a result, we are confident that the findings are directionally robust, despite the challenges of limited data availability.However, there is a clear need to conduct further research ND analysis on the basis of enriched sets of data, given the growing importance of the Internet and its transformational impact. The project was led by Chanced Misbranding, a McKinney principal in Bangor, and Ann. Mammogram, a senior fellow at MGM' in Iambi, along with Noshing Kaka, managing director of McKinney in India, James Monika, a McKinney and MGM' director in San Francisco, Michael Chug, a senior fellow at MGM' in San Francisco and Jacques Bugging, a McKinney director in Brussels.Malcolm Gomes managed the project team of Chums Gain, Million Speaker, and Emmanuel Thomas. We are grateful for the review, challenge and advice provided by our academic advisers for this research: we thank Martin N. Bally, the Bernard L. Schwartz Chair in Economic Policy Development at the Brooking Institution, and Rakes Moan, professor in the Practice of International Economics of Finance, School of Management, Yale University.We are also grateful for the insights of Raja Amanda, Betsy Massively, and Armament Sings at Google. The authors would like to acknowledge Muckiness's researchers who made significant contributions to the fact base: Shirr Guppy from MGM' Economics and Durum Vary from Muckiness research and information network. Finally, we offer special thanks to the industry experts we interviewed during this project.For their perspectives on the evolution of the Internet landscape in India we thank Sunnis Abraham, Director of the Centre for Internet and Society; Raja Katharine, Director and Chief Executive of ‘CRIER; Some Imitate, President of MASCOT; and Sub Ray, President of the Internet & Mobile Association of India. For their insights into the Internet-related inves tments of their enterprises and the prospects for Internet innovation in India, we thank the many Cots and technology company executives we interviewed. All references to specific companies in this report come from public sources.Our aspiration is to provide facts and analyses to better understand some of the most important trends that are shaping the Internet in India. We hope our findings will enrich the dialogue about the ways that businesses, policy makers, and innovators can accelerate Indian's Internet transformation. Principal, McKinney & Company Bangor Senior Fellow, McKinney Global Institute Iambi Managing Director, India, McKinney & Company Director, McKinney & Company, and Director, McKinney Global Institute San Francisco San FranciscoJacques Bugging Director, McKinney & Company Brussels 1 billion Internet users in 30 aspiring countries? half of the global tally of Internet users 120 million Internet users in India: the third largest user base in the world Across seven as piring countries the average number of Internet users for every 100 people is 3410 compared to in India The average number of fixed broadband subscribers for every 100 people across the seven aspiring countries is 7 1 Our illustrative subset of seven of the â€Å"aspiring† countries, I. E. , Argentina, Brazil, China, Malaysia, the Philippines, South Africa, and Vietnam. 1. % average contribution of the Internet to GAP across all aspiring countries, versus in developed countries 3. 4% contribution of the Internet to Indian's GAP, amounting to $30 billion $12 billion average estimated consumer surplus associated with Internet usage across the seven aspiring countries, versus $9 billion Average international bandwidth capacity for every 10,000 people across the seven aspiring 28 Mbps 6 Mbps Contents Executive summary Indian's Internet landscape Economic impact of the Internet 18 Indian's Internet ecosystem 25 Impact on principal user groups 29 A vision for broad-based Internet i nclusionAppendix: Methodology and approaches Bibliography 53 The Internet today connects more than two billion people worldwide. The Internet already has immense impact on the global economy, contributing an estimated $1. 7 trillion, or Just under 3 percent, of global GAP in 2010. 1 Yet half the number of Internet users lives outside the advanced economies, often in countries that are quickly developing, have significant economic potential and are socially and culturally diverse.India has about 120 million people online today and offers a striking example of the Internet's growth potential. India is adopting the Internet at a much more rapid pace than advanced economies and even many developing economies, yet 90 percent of its population is currently not connected. This report assesses the impact of the Internet on Indian's economy, estimating its impact on GAP. Looking beyond that, we measure the Internet's broader impact in terms of consumer surplus and the development of Internet ecosystems.We also look at the ways in which various participants have benefited from the Internet already. We measure Indian's environment for e-commerce and entrepreneurship, and we analyze in detail the impact of the Internet on its small and medium-sized enterprises (Seems). Finally, we assess the potential for the future impact of the Internet and what it would take for India to bring this potential into being.As a basis for comparison, we use a set of 57 middle-income developing nations, and some populous but less-developed nations; these collectively constitute 91 percent of world GAP. Thirty of these countries are what we call â€Å"aspiring countries,† defined as having the scale and dynamism to fuel economic performance in the global economy while driving significant domestic Roth and offering prosperity to their own citizens. These aspiring countries have a collective GAP of $19 trillion, or 30 percent of global GAP.We focus our comparisons with India more closely on an illustrative subset of seven of the aspiring countries: Argentina, Brazil, China, Malaysia, the Philippines, South Africa and Vietnam. Of the set of more than 20 developed countries in our database, we focus our comparisons on five: Germany, South Korea, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Our report offers seven key findings concerning the impact of and outlook for the Internet in India: 1.Indian's base of about 120 million Internet users is currently the third-largest in the world. Though Indian's users spend less time online per capita than users in developed countries, their pattern of online behavior is rapidly converging. The Internet's role in communication, social networking, and informing and influencing Indian's consumers in categories such as apparel, books, financial services, and travel is already comparable with that of developed countries. 2.India is likely to have the second-largest user base in the world, and the largest in arms of incremental growth, with 330 million to 370 million Internet users in 2015. Given current downward trends in the costs of Internet access and mobile devices, India is on the verge of an Internet boom. In an evolution pattern unique to India, users who access the Internet only through a mobile or tablet device will constitute around 75 percent of new users and 55 percent of the aggregate user base in 201 5, leading to increasing demand for content that is optimized for a small screen. . India has the potential to double its economic contribution from the Internet in the ext three years, from 1. 6 percent of GAP at present to 2. 8 to 3. 3 percent by 2015. Despite the large current base of users, the Internet currently contributes a modest 1. 6 percent to Indian's GAP, in line with 1 For a detailed account of the Internet's contribution to GAP in several developed and aspiring countries, see Internet matters: The Net's sweeping impact on growth, Jobs, and prosperity, McKinney Global Institute, May 2011. Most aspiring countries. This could grow to 2. 8 to 3. 3 percent by 201 5 if India achieves its potential for growth in the number of Internet users and Internet genealogy-related consumption and investment over this period, increasing the Internet's contribution to GAP from $30 billion today to nearly $100 billion in 2015. This would make the Internet-related economy larger than the education sector and as large as the health care sector, in terms of share of GAP at present.Currently, Indian's information and communication technology (ACT) exports are the most significant component of the Internet's impact on GAP. But private consumption, 4. The impact of the Internet in India is constrained by current gaps and obstacles in the Internet ecosystem. While India scores well on the availability of human and financial capital, it rates poorly on Internet infrastructure, Internet engagement, the e-commerce platform, the ease of Internet entrepreneurship, and the impact of e-govern ance.On most indicators of the strength of the Internet ecosystem, India ranks in the bottom quartile of our comparison set of 57 countries. 5. Although the Internet ecosystem is becoming more vibrant, the benefits have been relatively concentrated. Indian's Internet start-ups are scaling up through creative adaptations to overcome infrastructural and systemic bottlenecks. Yet, while large enterprises have gained from their early adoption of the Internet, there is scope among individual consumers, Seems and the government sector to significantly increase engagement.Today, Indian's measurable consumer surplus from the Internet is estimated at $9 per user per month, at the low end of the range for aspiring countries ($9 to $26) and well below the range for developed countries ($18 to $28). Even by 201 5, with overall Internet penetration likely to reach 28 percent, rural penetration is likely to be Just 9 percent. 6. India can achieve broad-based Internet impact by aiming for the digi tal inclusion of nearly 40 percent of its population, to reach a user base of 500 million by 2015, rather than the likely target of 330 million to 370 million.Most of the additional 150 million to 160 million users would be individuals and small businesses in semi-urban and rural parts of the country. Extending Internet access to these segments of the population, and promoting the usage of many more online services, would enable India to derive much more of the intended benefits from government programs of inclusive growth in employment, education, health care, nutrition, and financial services. Concerted actions by policy makers and businesses in five areas can help India achieve an inclusive Internet transformation: reduce the cost of Internet access across devices, content and applications; increase access to low-cost, high-speed connectivity in rural and semi-urban India beyond the top cities; promote widespread digital literacy through the introduction of devices and content ta ilored to the local context; devise Internet applications in new areas such as agriculture, health care, education, energy, utilities, and public information; and create a more favorable business environment forInternet entrepreneurs to support rapid innovation. 1. Indian's base of about 120 million Internet users is currently the third-largest in the world, and the pattern of online behavior is rapidly converging with that of users in more developed countries Indian's large economy, with its young and increasingly urbanize consumer base, offers strong growth potential for Internet usage.Weak infrastructure has kept Indian's Internet penetration low; at 10 percent, it is much lower than the average of 40 percent across aspiring countries. Even so, with about 120 million people online in 2011, India is the third-largest Internet user base in the oral. Internet users in India spend 20 to 25 hours online per month, about the same as their counterparts in Latin America, but only a quart er of the amount spent by those in Asia Pacific countries such as China and Malaysia.However, the time spent on the Internet per user in India rose 24 percent from 2010 to 2012; more online transactions and entertainment, grew more rapidly than reading and browsing. The share of Indian digital consumers who use online media for search, awareness, and research to purchase products is already high across multiple categories: in apparel (26 percent), travel (51 percent), books (36 percent), and uncial services (30 percent), the proportions are comparable with those in Germany, Japan and the United States. 2. India is on the verge of an Internet boom with a projected user base of 330 million to 370 million by 201 5, which will be the second largest in the world, and the largest in terms of incremental growth Indian's current Internet user base of about 120 million is likely to nearly treble by 201 5, and will thereby account for approximately 12 percent of the global total (Exhibit El). The projected growth in Indian's Internet users, an additional 230 million or so between 2011 and 2015, is likely to be the sights incremental growth in the world. In recent years, Indian's rate of growth of Internet users has been faster than that of many aspiring countries?for example, Malaysia's Internet user base grew 1. 8 times from 2005 to 2011, and South Africans grew 1. 9 times, while Indian's grew more than 5 times. Indian's Internet revolution is being shaped by telecoms players' strategies to reduce cost of access.Smartened costs are falling rapidly as players achieve scale economies, while the proliferation of G/G services in India is likely to reduce connectivity costs and overcome the challenge of limited fixed-line connections. As a result, nearly 75 percent of new users and more than half of Indian's base of Internet users in 2015 is likely to be mobile-only subscribers who will use Internet-enabled devices. By contrast, mobile-only users are likely to constitute a m ere 10 to 15 percent of the market in Indian's regional counterparts, China and Malaysia.Indian's Internet market is therefore likely to require a unique approach to content and application design. Mobile-based users will demand limited textual content and more audio-visual content because of the small screen size of their devices. Furthermore, it will become essential for entrepreneurs and innovators to make their applications or services compatible for users with a basic mobile device, in order to target those in the rural population who might not be able to afford a sophisticated smartened.

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